Pentoxifylline: An Immunomodulatory Drug for the Treatment of COVID-19
cytokines, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, Pentoxifylline, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19
Rapidly spreading outbreak of the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)is causing serious health concerns worldwide. It started as an epidemic in Wuhan, Hubei province,central China, and has now become a pandemic, spreading over most of the continents of the planet. Themajor clinical symptoms of the infection are dry cough, fever, pneumonia, respiratory failure, hypoxia,and in certain cases, even death. Alveolar damage and respiratory system failure are observed in severecases. Initial mild infection leads to activation of the immune system in the lungs and accumulationof various inflammatory cells and molecules. At a later phase during the infection, a “cytokine storm”causes an Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), leading to an increase in the production ofpro-inflammatory cytokines, migration of a large number of immune cells to the site of infection, andultimately pulmonary damage. The rapid and uncontrolled outbreak requires putative therapeuticdrugs for treatment of patients suffering from COVID-19. Amongst the currently used antiviral drugs,such as hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, remdesivir etc. we would like to present an update on anothereffective drug, pentoxifylline. Pentoxifylline has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-viral,and bronchodilatory properties. Pentoxifylline is known to reduce cytokine production, immune cellmigration, and suppress certain signal transduction pathways (e.g. NF-κβ and STAT3). Thus, it minimizesinflammatory damage in the lung tissues.
R.B. Subramanian, Vasudev R. Thakkar, Hiren A. Dhameliya, Gauravi N. Trivedi, Sureshkumar N. Mesara
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology