Floristic composition and similarity of 15 hectares in Central Amazon, Brazil
subject: Amazonía Central, Diversidad, Ecología forestal, bosque denso de tierras altas, composición boscosa, similitud florística, terra firme
description: La región amazónica es una de las más diversas áreas del mundo. Los estudios sobre la gran diversidad de bosques tropicales generan contribuciones relevantes en la comprensión de los mecanismos que originan y apoyan tal diversidad. En el presente estudio se describe la composición de las especies y la diversidad de 15 parcelas de una hectárea en el bosque denso amazónico terra firme en Brasil, y compara la similitud florística de estas parcelas con otras nueve parcelas de una hectárea. Las 15 parcelas estudiadas fueron seleccionadas al azar, en el 2005, de parcelas permanentes en el sitio experimental de Embrapa, Estado de Amazonas. La diversidad fue analizada utilizando la riqueza de especies y el índice de Shannon, así como el índice de Similitud de Sorensen; y como método de agrupación se utilizó el promedio no ponderado por grupo (UPGMA). La prueba de Mantel se llevó a cabo para estudiar si las diferencias en la composición de especies entre los sitios podrían ser explicadas por la distancia geográfica entre ellos. En general, se identificaron 8 771 individuos, 264 especies y 51 familias de plantas. La mayoría de las especies se concentraron en pocas familias y pocas tenían un gran número de individuos. Las familias que presentaron la mayor riqueza de especies fueron: Fabaceae (Faboideae: 22spp, Mimosoideae: 22spp), Sapotaceae: 22spp, Lecythidaceae: 15 y Lauraceae: 13. Burseraceae tuvo el mayor número de individuos con un 11.8% del total. Las diez especies más abundantes fueron: Protium hebetatum (1 037 individuos), Eschweilera coriacea (471), Licania oblongifolia (310), Pouteria minima (293), Ocotea cernua (258), Scleronema micranthum (197), Eschweilera collina (176), Licania apelata (172), Naucleopsis caloneura (170) y Psidium araca (152), que representó un 36.5% de todos los individuos. Aproximadamente en el 49% de las especies se encontraron hasta diez individuos, mientras que el 13% de las especies apareció sólo una vez en todas las parcelas de muestreo, lo…
creator: Kátia Emidio da Silva, Sebastião Venancio Martins, Carlos Antonio Alvares Soares Ribeiro, Nerilson Terra Santos, Celso Paulo de Azevedo, Francisca Dionizia de Almeida Matos, Ieda Leão do Amaral
source: Revista de Biología Tropical
publisher: Vicerractoría Investigación
date: 2011
relation: http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77442011000400040&lng=en&tlng=en
coverage: Biology (General)

The Strawberry FaWRKY1 Transcription Factor Negatively Regulates Resistance to Colletotrichum acutatum in Fruit Upon Infection
subject: Agrobacterium transformation, Colletotrichum acutatum, Fragaria × ananassa, WRKY transcription factor, strawberry fruit defense response
description: Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) is a major food crop worldwide, due to the flavor, aroma and health benefits of the fruit, but its productivity and quality are seriously limited by a large variety of phytopathogens, including Colletotrichum spp. So far, key factors regulating strawberry immune response remain unknown. The FaWRKY1 gene has been previously proposed as an important element mediating defense responses in strawberry to Colletotrichum acutatum. To get further insight into the functional role that FaWRKY1 plays in the defense mechanism, Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation was used both to silence and overexpress the FaWRKY1 gene in strawberry fruits (Fragaria ×ananassa cv. Primoris), which were later analyzed upon C. acutatum inoculation. Susceptibility tests were performed after pathogen infection comparing the severity of disease between the two agroinfiltrated opposite halves of the same fruit, one half bearing a construct either for FaWRKY1 overexpression or RNAi-mediated silencing and the other half bearing the empty vector, as control. The severity of tissue damage was monitored and found to be visibly reduced at five days after pathogen inoculation in the fruit half where FaWRKY1 was transiently silenced compared to that of the opposite control half and statistical analysis corroborated a significant reduction in disease susceptibility. Contrarily, a similar level of susceptibility was found when FaWRKY1 overexpression and control fruit samples, was compared. These results unravel a negative regulatory role of FaWRKY1 in resistance to the phytopathogenic fungus C. acutatum in strawberry fruit and contrast with the previous role described for this gene in Arabidopsis as positive regulator of resistance against the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae. Based on previous results, a tentative working model for WRKY75 like genes after pathogen infection is proposed and the expression pattern of potential downstream FaWRKY1 target genes was also anal…
creator: José Javier Higuera, José Garrido-Gala, Ayman Lekhbou, Isabel Arjona-Girona, Francisco Amil-Ruiz, José A. Mercado, Fernando Pliego-Alfaro, Juan Muñoz-Blanco, Carlos J. López-Herrera, José L. Caballero
source: Frontiers in Plant Science
publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
date: 2019
relation: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2019.00480/full
coverage: Plant culture

Endophytic Trichoderma Species Isolated from Persea americana and Cinnamomum verum Roots Reduce Symptoms Caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in Avocado
subject: antagonism, biocontrol, disease incidence, root rot, soil borne
description: Avocado root rot caused by the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is a severe disease that affects avocado production in Mexico and worldwide. The use of biological control agents such as Trichoderma species isolated from places where the disease is always present, represents an efficient alternative to reduce losses. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the biocontrol ability of 10 endophytic Trichoderma spp. strains against P. cinnamomi tested both in vitro and in the greenhouse. The endophytic Trichoderma spp. were recovered from Persea americana and Cinnamomum verum roots, isolated and purified on potato–dextrose–agar medium. Ten strains were identified by phylogenetic reconstruction of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA sequences as T. asperellum (T-AS1, T-AS2, T-AS6, and T-AS7), T. harzianum (T-H3, T-H4, and T-H5), T. hamatum (T-A12), T. koningiopsis (T-K8 and T-K11), and P. cinnamomi (CPO-PCU). In vitro dual-culture assay, the percentage of inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) between Trichoderma spp. and P. cinnamomi strains was measured according to the Bell’s scale. PIRG results indicated that T-AS2 reached the highest value of 78.32%, and T-H5 reached the lowest value of 38.66%. In the greenhouse, the infection was evaluated according to the percentage of disease incidence. Plants with the lowest incidence of dead by avocado root rot were those whose seedlings were inoculated with T-AS2 and T-AS7, resulting in only 5% death by root rot caused by P. cinnamomi. The disease incidence of seedlings with wilt symptoms and death decreased more than 50% in the presence of Trichoderma spp. Relying on the results, we conclude that T. asperellum and T. harzianum contribute to the biocontrol of soil-borne pathogenic oomycete P. cinnamomi.
creator: Petra Andrade-Hoyos, Hilda Victoria Silva-Rojas, Omar Romero-Arenas
source: Plants
publisher: MDPI AG
date: 2020
relation: https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/9/1220
coverage: Botany

Transcriptome analysis of the fungal pathogen Rosellinia necatrix during infection of a susceptible avocado rootstock identifies potential mechanisms of pathogenesis
subject: Persea americana, Virulence, ascomycete, effectors, white root rot
description: Abstract Background White root rot disease caused by Rosellinia necatrix is one of the most important threats affecting avocado productivity in tropical and subtropical climates. Control of this disease is complex and nowadays, lies in the use of physical and chemical methods, although none have proven to be fully effective. Detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying white root rot disease has the potential of aiding future developments in disease resistance and management. In this regard, this study used RNA-Seq technology to compare the transcriptomic profiles of R. necatrix during infection of susceptible avocado ‘Dusa’ roots with that obtained from the fungus cultured in rich medium. Results The transcriptomes from three biological replicates of R. necatrix colonizing avocado roots (RGA) and R. necatrix growing on potato dextrose agar media (RGPDA) were analyzed using Illumina sequencing. A total of 12,104 transcripts were obtained, among which 1937 were differentially expressed genes (DEG), 137 exclusively expressed in RGA and 160 in RGPDA. During the root infection process, genes involved in the production of fungal toxins, detoxification and transport of toxic compounds, hormone biosynthesis, gene silencing and plant cell wall degradation were overexpressed. Interestingly, 24 out of the 137 contigs expressed only during R. necatrix growth on avocado roots, were predicted as candidate effector proteins (CEP) with a probability above 60%. The PHI (Pathogen Host Interaction) database revealed that three of the R. necatrix CEP showed homology with previously annotated effectors, already proven experimentally via pathogen-host interaction. Conclusions The analysis of the full-length transcriptome of R. necatrix during the infection process is suggesting that the success of this fungus to infect roots of diverse crops might be attributed to the production of different compounds which, singly or in combination, interfere with defense or signaling …
creator: A. Zumaquero, S. Kanematsu, H. Nakayashiki, A. Matas, E. Martínez-Ferri, A. Barceló-Muñóz, F. Pliego-Alfaro, C. López-Herrera, F. M. Cazorla, C. Pliego
source: BMC Genomics
publisher: BMC
date: 2019
relation: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-6387-5
coverage: Biotechnology, Genetics

The Role of Annual Flowering Plant Strips on a Melon Crop in Central Spain. Influence on Pollinators and Crop
subject: Facilitation, Wild bees, agri-environment scheme, attractiveness, ecosystem services, interspecific competition
description: Planting flower strips adjacent to crops is among the habitat-management practices employed to offer alternative floral resources to pollinators. However, more information is needed to understand their potential spill-over of pollinators on nearby insect-pollinated crops. Over the course of two consecutive years, the suitability of a flower mixture of 10 herbaceous plants for pollinators was evaluated on a weekly basis, in a randomized block design of two melon plots (10 × 10 m2) with or without 1 m-wide flower strips. Floral coverage and pollinator visits to the plant species, as well as pollinator visits and the yield and quality of the crop, were assessed. Additionally, the selected mixture was tested for 1 year in a commercial field in order to ascertain how far the flower strip could influence visitors in the crop. The most suitable species for a flower strip in central Spain based on their attractiveness, floral coverage and staggered blossom were Coriandrum sativum L., Diplotaxis virgata L., Borago officinalis L. and Calendula officinalis L. The flower strip can act as either pollinator competitor or facilitator to the crop, depending on their floral coverage and/or the predominant species during the crop bloom period. The concurrence of blooming of the rewarding plant C. officinalis with the melon crop should be avoided in our area. In the commercial field, the bee visitation rate in the melon flowers decreased with the distance to the flower strip. No influence of the specific flower strip evaluated on crop productivity or quality was found.
creator: Celeste Azpiazu, Pilar Medina, Ángeles Adán, Ismael Sánchez-Ramos, Pedro del Estal, Alberto Fereres, Elisa Viñuela
source: Insects
publisher: MDPI AG
date: 2020
relation: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/11/1/66
coverage: Science

Editorial
subject: II congreso de educación técnica, editorial
description: REFLEXIONES Y PROSPECTIVAS Dr. Gerardo Cedeño y Fanny Osorio NIGEC El recorrido historiográfico del Departamento de Educación Técnica, se inicia con el Proyecto IPE-DARINCO-EDUPLAN. • DARINCO: dirección ministerial para la Educación Media Nacional, presenta la situación profesoral y la demanda nacional de más y mejor Educación Técnica. • EDUPLAN: oficina ministerial para el planeamiento nacional, divulga indicadores y expectativas del desarrollo nacional, así como perfiles y cuantías de recursos humanos para los sectores primario, secundario y terciario; y describe la calidad y cantidad de docentes para abordar la expansión democrática - demográfica de la educación. • IPE, Instituto Experimental Pedagógico, exponía competencias para abordar la complejidad secuencial entre demanda ocupacional, gestión de Escuelas Técnicas y competencias para docentes Técnicos a nivel superior, así como la necesidad de talentos, bienes y servicios, creadoras de escenarios de calidad para enfrentar lo situacional y prospectivo de la Educación Técnica Universitaria. • El primer acercamiento del Perfil del Departamento de Educación Técnica fue ampliamente consultado con sectores educacionales, empresariales, laborales del País, y fue validado internacionalmente. • El Departamento asumía una cultura de consulta y acompañamiento para abordar especialidades en artes industriales, agricultura, comercio, educación industrial, educación para el hogar. La Filosofía de Gestión, la Ética Organizacional, la Planificación y desarrollo con significativa autonomía, la Institucionalidad y Competitividad del personal Docente, las asociaciones estratégica fueron explicitadas a la comunidad Pedagógica lo cual permeó la Modernización Institucional. • El instituto Pedagógico liderizó el acompañamiento Interinstitucional al Departamento de Educación Técnica. El Centro Superior de Educación y el Politécnico; asociaban Docentes, talleres y laboratorios; las Escuelas Técnicas de Comercio, enfermería, industria…
creator: Karla Migdalia Flores Ferrer
source: Educare
publisher: Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador
date: 2018
relation: https://revistas.investigacion-upelipb.com/index.php/educare/article/view/60
coverage: Special aspects of education, Education (General), History of education, Theory and practice of education

Análisis de estrategia de información y divulgación agra meteorológica para llegar a los productores
subject: Boletines, agrometeorologia, sistema de información
description: Las demandas de una información agro meteorológica oportuna y eficaz para las aplicaciones agrícolas han ido en aumento durante los últimos años. Los boletines constituyen la fuente principal para brindar el servicio operacional de información meteorológica y agro meteorológica a la agricultura. Ellos están concebidos para brindar al usuario un sistema especializado que considerada para la toma de decisiones, tanto a nivel nacional del país como a nivel de localidades, con conocimiento de causa. Se presenta la línea de pensamiento y accionar que los agro meteorólogos cubanos llevan a cabo, a fin de lograr un enlace eficaz entre los encargados de producir información científica y los productores agrícolas.
creator: Ranses José Vázquez Montenegro, Odil Durán Zarabozo, Marcio Baca, Edgar Antonio Marinero, Francisco José Guerrero
source: Revista Iberoamericana de Bioeconomía y Cambio Climàtico
publisher: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua
date: 2015
relation: http://revistas.unanleon.edu.ni/index.php/REBICAMCLI/article/view/5
coverage: Economic theory. Demography, Meteorology. Climatology

PhcrTx2, a New Crab-Paralyzing Peptide Toxin from the Sea Anemone Phymanthus crucifer
subject: Phymanthus crucifer, Sea Anemone, defensin-like fold, glutamate receptor, ion channels, neutoxin
description: Sea anemones produce proteinaceous toxins for predation and defense, including peptide toxins that act on a large variety of ion channels of pharmacological and biomedical interest. Phymanthus crucifer is commonly found in the Caribbean Sea; however, the chemical structure and biological activity of its toxins remain unknown, with the exception of PhcrTx1, an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) inhibitor. Therefore, in the present work, we focused on the isolation and characterization of new P. crucifer toxins by chromatographic fractionation, followed by a toxicity screening on crabs, an evaluation of ion channels, and sequence analysis. Five groups of toxic chromatographic fractions were found, and a new paralyzing toxin was purified and named PhcrTx2. The toxin inhibited glutamate-gated currents in snail neurons (maximum inhibition of 35%, IC50 4.7 µM), and displayed little or no influence on voltage-sensitive sodium/potassium channels in snail and rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, nor on a variety of cloned voltage-gated ion channels. The toxin sequence was fully elucidated by Edman degradation. PhcrTx2 is a new β-defensin-fold peptide that shares a sequence similarity to type 3 potassium channels toxins. However, its low activity on the evaluated ion channels suggests that its molecular target remains unknown. PhcrTx2 is the first known paralyzing toxin in the family Phymanthidae.
creator: Armando Alexei Rodríguez, Anoland Garateix, Emilio Salceda, Steve Peigneur, André Junqueira Zaharenko, Tirso Pons, Yúlica Santos, Roberto Arreguín, Ludger Ständker, Wolf-Georg Forssmann, Jan Tytgat, Rosario Vega, Enrique Soto
source: Toxins
publisher: MDPI AG
date: 2018
relation: http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/2/72
coverage: Medicine

Phenotypic plasticity of the basidiomata of Thelephora sp. (Thelephoraceae) in tropical forest habitats
subject: Plasticidad fenotípica, Thelephora, basidioma, basidiome, bosque tropical, phenotypic plasticity, tropical forest
description: Phenotypic plasticity in macroscopic fungi has been poorly studied in comparison to plants or animals and only general aspects of these changes have been described. In this work, the phenotypic variation in the basidiomata of Thelephora sp. (Thelephoraceae) was examined, as well as some aspects of its ecology and habitat, using 24 specimens collected in the tropical forests of the Chamela Biological Station, Jalisco, Mexico. Our observations showed that this taxon has clavarioid basidiomata that can become resupinate during development and growth if they are in contact with rocks, litter or live plants, establishing in the latter only an epiphytic relationship. This tropical species may form groups of up to 139 basidiomata over an area of 32.2m2, and in both types of vegetation (tropical sub-evergreen and deciduous forest) were primarily located on steep (>20°) South-facing slopes. It is found under closed canopy in both tropical forests, but its presence in sub-evergreen forests is greater than expected.La plasticidad fenotípica en hongos macroscópicos ha sido poco estudiada en comparación con la de plantas o animales y solo se conocen aspectos generales de estos cambios. En este trabajo se examinó la variación fenotípica en los basidiomas de una especie de Thelephora sp. (Thelephoraceae), así como algunos aspectos de su ecología y hábitat a partir del estudio de 24 ejemplares recolectados en bosques tropicales de la Estación de Biología de Chamela, Jalisco, México. Nuestras observaciones mostraron que este taxon presenta basidiomas en forma clavarioide, los cuales pueden modificarse a resupinados si en su proceso de desarrollo se interponen obstrucciones físicas como rocas, restos vegetales o plantas vivas, estableciendo en estas últimas solo una relación epifítica. Esta especie llega a formar conjuntos de hasta 139 basidiomas en un área de 32.2m2; con localización predominante en laderas orientadas hacia el sur, de pendientes mayores a 20°, bajo doseles cerrados …
creator: Itzel Ramírez-López, Margarita Villegas Ríos, Zenón Cano-Santana
source: Revista de Biología Tropical
publisher: Vicerractoría Investigación
date: 2013
relation: http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77442013000100029
coverage: Biology (General)

Análisis químico y biológico de biosólidos sometidos a sistema de lombricultura como potencial abono orgánico
subject: Biosólido, Cultivos noagrícolas, Lombricultura, N – P – K, abono orgánico, coliformes
description: Uno de los principales problemas en las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales –PTAR- es la cantidad de residuos que generan, estos conocidos como biosólidos tienen potencial como materias primas en industrias de producción de abonos orgánicos siempre y cuando se establezca su composición química y biológica, permitiendo su uso. Este proyecto realizó un análisis del biosólido de la PTAR Salitre de Bogotá D.C., el cual se clasifico cómo tipo B, según las referencias bibliográfica, ya que el país no ha definido una legislación del tema. El proceso de lombricultura se realizó con la especie Eiseniafoétida. Las pruebas químicas relevantes fueron: cantidad de N – P – K; elementos menores (Mn, Fe, Zn y Cu); materia orgánica (% C) y otros elementos (Cr, Cd y Pb). A nivel bilógico se efectuó el análisis de germinación y la cuantificación de hongos, bacterias, fijadores de nitrógeno y coliformes. Como conclusión se establece que el proceso de lombricultura podría ser una iniciativa ecológica para el manejo de biosólidos de las PTAR, ya que estos presentaran características de abonos orgánicos, los cuales pueden ser usados para cultivos no agrícolas de tipo ornamental y recuperación forestal.
creator: Alvaro Chávez Porras, Alejandra Rodríguez González
source: NOVA
publisher: Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca
date: 2011
relation: https://revistas.unicolmayor.edu.co/index.php/nova/article/view/172
coverage: Biology (General), Medicine (General)