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                <text>2015 MERS outbreak in Korea: hospital-to-hospital transmission</text>
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                <text>Moran Ki</text>
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                <text>The distinct characteristic of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in South Korea is that it not only involves intra-hospital transmission, but it also involves hospital-to-hospital transmission. It has been the largest MERS outbreak outside the Middle East, with 186 confirmed cases and, among them, 36 fatal cases as of July 26, 2015. All confirmed cases are suspected to be hospital-acquired infections except one case of household transmission and two cases still undergoing examination. The Korean health care system has been the major factor shaping the unique characteristics of the outbreak. Taking this as an opportunity, the Korean government should carefully assess the fundamental problems of the vulnerability to hospital infection and make short- as well as long-term plans for countermeasures. In addition, it is hoped that this journal, Epidemiology and Health, becomes a place where various topics regarding MERS can be discussed and shared.</text>
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                <text>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Outbreak, Hospital infection, Epidemiology, statistics, Korea</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.4178/epih/e2015033</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Healthcare worker infected with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Korea, 2015</text>
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                <text>Hae-Sung Nam, Miyeon Yeon, Jung Wan Park, Jee-Young Hong, Ji Woong Son</text>
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                <text>OBJECTIVES During the outbreak of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Korea in 2015, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) confirmed a case of MERS in a healthcare worker in Daejeon, South Korea. To verify the precise route of infection for the case, we conducted an in-depth epidemiological investigation in cooperation with the KCDC. METHODS We reviewed the MERS outbreak investigation report of the KCDC, and interviewed the healthcare worker who had recovered from MERS. Using the media interview data, we reaffirmed and supplemented the nature of the exposure. RESULTS The healthcare worker, a nurse, was infected while performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for a MERS patient in an isolation room. During the CPR which lasted for an hour, a large amount of body fluid was splashed. The nurse was presumed to have touched the mask to adjust its position during the CPR. She suggested that she was contaminated with the MERS patient’s body fluids by wiping away the sweat from her face during the CPR. CONCLUSIONS The possible routes of infection may include the following: respiratory invasion of aerosols contaminated with MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) through a gap between the face and mask; mucosal exposure to sweat contaminated with MERS-CoV; and contamination during doffing of personal protective equipment. The MERS guidelines should reflect this case to decrease the risk of infection during CPR.</text>
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                <text>2017</text>
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                <text>Middle East respiratory syndrome, Epidemiology, infectious disease transmission, Patient-to-professional, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Korea</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2017052</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Epidemiological investigation of the 119th confirmed Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus case with an indefinite mode of transmission during the Pyeongtaek outbreak in Korea</text>
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                <text>Jong Hyuk Choi, Byoungin Yoo, Soon Young Lee, Eun Gyu Lee, Moran Ki, Woncheol Lee, Jong Rak Jung, Kyujin Chang</text>
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                <text>Since the first case was diagnosed on May 20, 2015, there were 186 confirmed cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) until the end of outbreak in South Korea. Although medical institutions were the most identifiable sources of MERS transmission in South Korea, similar to other countries, in-depth epidemiological investigation was required for some confirmed cases with indefinite contact history or hospital visit records. The subject of epidemiological investigation in the present study was a 35 year-old male patient diagnosed with MERS (#119) who lived in Asan-city and worked in Pyeongtaek-city. Various potential sources of transmission were carefully investigated. While he could have been exposed to MERS through a friend from Saudi Arabia or confirmed MERS cases in his workplace, neighboring areas, and medical institutions, as well as contacts in his home, the chances of transmission were low; however, the potential for transmission through his local community could not be excluded. Practically, it was difficult to determine the modes of transmission for all outbreak cases in communicable disease that occurred in this short period of time. The investigation to identify the mode of transmission in this case was ultimately unsuccessful. However, the various data collected and analyzed to reveal modes of transmission provided detailed information that could not be collected using only interview surveys.</text>
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                <text>2015</text>
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                <text>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, community-acquired infections, Communicable disease transmission, Disease Outbreaks, Republic of Korea</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.4178/epih/e2015054</text>
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                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Costly Lessons From the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreak in Korea</text>
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                <text>Sang-Il Lee</text>
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                <text>Since the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak in the Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea) began on May 11, 2015, a total of 186 persons have been infected by the MERS coronavirus, 38 of whom have died. With this number, Korea becomes second only to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the ranking of cumulative MERS cases. In this paper Korea’s unique experience of an outbreak of MERS will be summarized and discussed briefly.</text>
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                <text>2015</text>
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                <text>Middle East respiratory syndrome, Republic of Korea, Outbreak</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.15.064</text>
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                <text>Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health</text>
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                <text>Korean Society for Preventive Medicine</text>
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                <text>Public aspects of medicine, Medicine</text>
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                <text>1D-Var multilayer assimilation of X-band SAR data into a detailed snowpack model</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="216">
                <text>X. V. Phan, L. Ferro-Famil, M. Gay, Y. Durand, M. Dumont, S. Morin, S. Allain, G. D'Urso, A. Girard</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="217">
                <text>The structure and physical properties of a snowpack and their temporal evolution may be simulated using meteorological data and a snow metamorphism model. Such an approach may meet limitations related to potential divergences and accumulated errors, to a limited spatial resolution, to wind or topography-induced local modulations of the physical properties of a snow cover, etc. Exogenous data are then required in order to constrain the simulator and improve its performance over time. Synthetic-aperture radars (SARs) and, in particular, recent sensors provide reflectivity maps of snow-covered environments with high temporal and spatial resolutions. The radiometric properties of a snowpack measured at sufficiently high carrier frequencies are known to be tightly related to some of its main physical parameters, like its depth, snow grain size and density. SAR acquisitions may then be used, together with an electromagnetic backscattering model (EBM) able to simulate the reflectivity of a snowpack from a set of physical descriptors, in order to constrain a physical snowpack model. In this study, we introduce a variational data assimilation scheme coupling TerraSAR-X radiometric data into the snowpack evolution model Crocus. The physical properties of a snowpack, such as snow density and optical diameter of each layer, are simulated by Crocus, fed by the local reanalysis of meteorological data (SAFRAN) at a French Alpine location. These snowpack properties are used as inputs of an EBM based on dense media radiative transfer (DMRT) theory, which simulates the total backscattering coefficient of a dry snow medium at X and higher frequency bands. After evaluating the sensitivity of the EBM to snowpack parameters, a 1D-Var data assimilation scheme is implemented in order to minimize the discrepancies between EBM simulations and observations obtained from TerraSAR-X acquisitions by modifying the physical parameters of the Crocus-simulated snowpack. The algorithm then re-initializes Crocus with the modified snowpack physical parameters, allowing it to continue the simulation of snowpack evolution, with adjustments based on remote sensing information. This method is evaluated using multi-temporal TerraSAR-X images acquired over the specific site of the Argentière glacier (Mont-Blanc massif, French Alps) to constrain the evolution of Crocus. Results indicate that X-band SAR data can be taken into account to modify the evolution of snowpack simulated by Crocus.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2014</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="219">
                <text>DOI: 10.5194/tc-8-1975-2014</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="220">
                <text>The Cryosphere</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="221">
                <text>Copernicus Publications</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Environmental sciences, Geology</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="223">
                <text>EN</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="224">
                <text>Oxydromus Grube, 1855 reinstated over Ophiodromus Sars, 1862 (Polychaeta, Hesionidae)</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="225">
                <text>Tulio Villalobos-Guerrero, Leslie Harris</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="226">
                <text>The hesionid polychaete genera Oxydromus Grube, 1855 and Ophiodromus Sars, 1862 have been regarded as synonyms with the former considered as invalid since it was thought to be a junior homonym of Oxydromus Schlegel, 1854. However, Schlegel&amp;rsquo;s name is an incorrect subsequent spelling for Ocydromus Wagler, 1830 (Aves, Gruiformes, Rallidae) and is not an available name. Consequently, Oxydromus Grube, 1855 must be reinstated for this hesionid polychaete genus. A check-list of valid species of Oxydromus including 30 new combinations is provided.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2012</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="228">
                <text>DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.241.3820</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="229">
                <text>ZooKeys</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="230">
                <text>Pensoft Publishers</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="231">
                <text>Zoology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="232">
                <text>EN</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="2">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="233">
                <text>The interdependent complexity of disaster and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="234">
                <text>Won-Jae Lee</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2016</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="236">
                <text>DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2016053</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="237">
                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="238">
                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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              <elementText elementTextId="239">
                <text>Medicine</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="240">
                <text>EN</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="1">
                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="2">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>“First” abyssal record of Stenosemus exaratus (G.O. Sars, 1878) (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) in the North-Atlantic Ocean</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="242">
                <text>Louise Allcock, Enrico Schwabe</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="243">
                <text>The first proven abyssal record of Stenosemus exaratus (G.O. Sars, 1878) is presented on the basis of an ROV study in the Irish Sea. For the first time in situ images of the species and data on the environmental parameters are provided.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2013</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="245">
                <text>DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.283.4704</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="246">
                <text>ZooKeys</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Pensoft Publishers</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Zoology</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="249">
                <text>EN</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="2">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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                <text>A New Measure for Assessing the Public Health Response to a Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreak</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="251">
                <text>Sung-il Cho</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="252">
                <text>Contact monitoring is an essential component of the public health response to a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak, and is required for an effective quarantine to contain the epidemic. The timeliness of a quarantine is associated with its effectiveness. This paper provides a conceptual framework to describe the process of contact monitoring, and proposes a new measure called the “timely quarantined proportion” as a tool to assess the adequacy of a public health response.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2015</text>
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                <text>Contact Tracing, quarantine, isolation, Surveillance, Transmission, Republic of Korea</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.15.069</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="256">
                <text>Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health</text>
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                <text>Korean Society for Preventive Medicine</text>
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                <text>Public aspects of medicine, Medicine</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>EN</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Prevalence of Four Enteropathogens with Immunochromatographic Rapid Test in the Feces of Diarrheic Calves in East and Southeast of Turkey</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="261">
                <text>Hasan Içen1, Neval Berrin Arserim2, Nurettin IŞIK3, Cumali Özkan4* and Abdullah Kaya4</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="262">
                <text>In this study, fecal specimens taken from 192 diarrheic and 14 healthy calves (2-40 days old) were examined for the presence of bacterial and parasitic agents. Fecal samples from diarrheic calves with the four immunochromatographic rapid tests were 92.7% positive for four enteropathogens. The individual prevalence was 25, 21.8, 9.4 and 2.1% for Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum, E. coli K99 and Coronavirus, respectively. Concomitant infections caused by two agents were 15.6% for Rotavirus+Cryptosporidium, 1.0% for Rotavirus+Coronavirus, 5.2 % for Cryptosporidium+E. coli K99, and 7.3% for Rotavirus+E. coli K99. Besides concomitant infections caused by three agents were 3.1% for Cryptosporidium +Rotavirus+E.coli K99 and 1.0%, Cryptosporidium+Rotavirus+Coronavirus. In addition one calf (1.0%) was infected by combination of four agents as Cryptosporidium, Rotavirus, Coronavirus, and E. coli K99. The calculated individual prevalence was 56.9% for Rotavirus, 47.8% for C. parvum, 26.0% for E. coli K99 and 5.2% for Coronavirus. However, 88 samples were positive in smear detection for Cryptosporidium while 92 were positive in rapid test. As a result of this study it can be concluded that multiple etiologies of diarrhea can be seen and this can help in the development of a specific treatment and preventative measures for practitioners in east and southeast of Turkey.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2013</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="264">
                <text>Calves, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium, diarrhea, E. coli K99, Rapid diagnostic test, rotavirus</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="265">
                <text>DOI: </text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="266">
                <text>Pakistan Veterinary Journal</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="267">
                <text>University of Agriculture, Faisalabad</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="268">
                <text>Veterinary medicine, Animal culture</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="269">
                <text>EN</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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