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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                <text>Incidencia y severidad de enfermedades asociadas al cultivo de plátano (Musa paradisiaca L.) en Rivas, Nicaragua</text>
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                <text>Trinidad Castillo-Arévalo, Edgardo Jiménez-Martínez</text>
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                <text>En Nicaragua severidad de patógenos que cusan enfermedades en plátano (Musa paradisiaca L.) ha afectado los rendimientos e ingreso que este cultivo proporciona a los pequeños, medianos y grandes productores del país. La seguridad alimentaria que el cultivo proporciona a los productores se ha visto amenazada por enfermedades que afectan a la planta y sus frutos. Con el objetivo de determinar la incidencia y severidad de enfermedades en plátano, se realizó este estudio entre enero a septiembre del 2014 en Rivas. Se hicieron colectas de material enfermo en seis fincas plataneras de Rivas. Los patógenos fueron identificados en los laboratorios del Instituto de Protección y Sanidad Agropecuaria en Rivas y confirmados en laboratorios de la Universidad Nacional Agraria. Las variables evaluadas en este estudio fueron, porcentaje de incidencia y severidad de daño de Sigatoka negra por planta, área bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad de Sigatoka negra, porcentaje de incidencia de daño de las enfermedades pudrición acuosa de las musáceas y de punta de cigarro. Como resultados del estudio se identificaron los siguientes patógenos en plátano: Micosphaerella fijiensis, Erwinia sp y Verticillium sp., de manera general se observó que la incidencia y severidad de todos los agentes causales de enfermedades reflejaron un comportamiento similar en las seis fincas, estos agentes se presentaron en todos los meses de muestreo, sin embargo, los mayores porcentajes de severidad se manifestaron en los meses de agosto y septiembre del 2014 con porcentajes que oscilaron entre el 60 % y 67 %, la mayor área bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad se presentó en la finca La Zopilota, seguido de San Alberto y La Granja, la menor área bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad se presentó en la finca El Espíritu, El Trapiche y Valentina.</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Erwinia sp, Verticillium sp, micosphaerella fijiensis, musaceas</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>10.5377/calera.v20i35.10319</text>
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                <text>La Calera</text>
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                <text>Universidad Nacional Agraria</text>
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                <text>Agriculture (General), Agriculture</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://lacalera.una.edu.ni/index.php/CALERA/article/view/430" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://lacalera.una.edu.ni/index.php/CALERA/article/view/430&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Assessment of Advanced Oxidation Processes Using Zebrafish in a Non-Forced Exposure System: A Proof of Concept</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185708">
                <text>Tamia Cabascango, Karol Ortiz, Christian Sandoval Pauker, Isabel Espinoza Pavón, Anuradha Ramoji, Jürgen Popp, Jady Pérez, C.  Miguel Pinto, José  Luis Rivera-Parra, Florinella Muñoz-Bisesti, María  Belén Aldás, Cristiano  V. M. Araújo, Paul Vargas Jentzsch</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Water bodies and aquatic ecosystems are threatened by discharges of industrial waters. Ecotoxicological effects of components occurring in untreated and treated wastewaters are often not considered. The use of a linear, multi-compartmented, non-forced, static system constructed with PET bottles is proposed for the quality assessment of treated waters, to deal with such limitations. Two synthetic waters, one simulating wastewater from the textile industry and the other one simulating wastewater from the cassava starch industry, were prepared and treated by homogeneous Fenton process and heterogeneous photocatalysis, respectively. Untreated and treated synthetic waters and their dilutions were placed into compartments of the non-forced exposure system, in which zebrafish (Danio rerio), the indicator organism, could select the environment of its preference. Basic physical–chemical and chemical parameters of untreated and treated synthetic waters were measured. The preference and avoidance responses allowed verification of whether or not the quality of the water was improved due to the treatment. The results of these assays can be a complement to conventional parameters of water quality.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185710">
                <text>2021</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Danio rerio&lt;/i&gt;, Fenton, advanced oxidation processes, ecotoxicological assays, graphitic carbon nitride, heterogeneous photocatalysis</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185712">
                <text>10.3390/pr9050734</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185713">
                <text>Processes</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185714">
                <text>MDPI AG</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Chemistry, Chemical technology</text>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185716">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/9/5/734" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/9/5/734&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Produção orgânica de calêndula: um estudo de caso Organic production of marigold: a case study</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185699">
                <text>Elder Tschoseck Borba, Birgit Harter-Marques, Vanilde Citadini-Zanette</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Apresenta-se caracterização do processo de produção agrícola orgânica de Calendula officinalis L. no Estado de Santa Catarina, evidenciando particularidades e discrepâncias frente aos modelos já descritos na literatura especializada, a partir de visitas a campo, observação participante e entrevistas com um produtor de plantas medicinais. Identificaram-se como principais particularidades a saúde na agricultura familiar, demonstrada pela prática da cultura orgânica, além do controle de pragas e manuseio da produção. Os principais problemas ou divergências evidenciados foram: características do solo; época de plantio da calêndula e suas etapas posteriores, como transplante e floração. Aspectos da colheita foram discrepantes quanto ao período do dia indicado para o procedimento, bem como a ausência de informações do produtor quanto à existência de outros incentivos governamentais ao setor agrícola. Recomenda-se aos extensionistas rurais e/ou instituições competentes que busquem orientar os produtores orgânicos de calêndula para promover a adequação das práticas de cultivo dessa espécie medicinal.A characterization of the process of organic agriculture production of Calendula officinalis L. in the State of Santa Catarina is presented, evidencing particularities and discrepancies contrasting to the models already described in specialized literature, by field visits, participative observations and interviews with a medicinal plant producer. The main particularities identified were the health in the agricultural family, demonstrated by the practice of organic culture, besides pest control and the handling of production. The main evidenced problems or divergences were: soil characteristics; period of the marigold planting and its following stages, such as transplanting and flowering. Aspects of the crop were conflicting as for the period of the day indicated for the procedure, as well as the absence of information from the producer about the existence of other government incentives to the agricultural section. It is recommended to the rural extensions and/or competent institutions to seek for guiding the organic producers of marigold to promote adequate practices for the cultivation of this medicinal species.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2012</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185702">
                <text>Agricultura Familiar, Asteraceae, Calendula officinalis L, cultivo orgânico, family agriculture, medicinal plant, organic crop, planta medicinal</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185703">
                <text>Ciência Rural</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185704">
                <text>Universidade Federal de Santa Maria</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Agriculture (General), Agriculture</text>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185706">
                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0103-84782012001100030" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0103-84782012001100030&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>La agroindustria yerbatera argentina:  industria y acción colectiva en la frontera, Misiones (1991- 2013)</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185690">
                <text>Lisandro Rodríguez</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185691">
                <text>La propuesta de este artículo es analizar la agroindustria yerbatera argentina. El objetivo es dar cuenta de la pro-ducción, industrialización y comercialización del cultivo por parte de pequeños productores en situaciones adver-sas y ponderar las prácticas asociativas que escapan a las lógicas tradicionales de organización. La intención es estudiar cómo influye el contexto en la actividad yerbatera y en las prácticas de acción colectiva a partir de la desre-gulación estatal en 1991 y hasta la declaración del mate como Infusión Nacional en 2013. Las fuentes para este estudio lo componen las publicaciones oficiales del Ministerio del Agro y la Producción de Misiones, del Institu-to Nacional de la Yerba Mate (inym), Censos Nacionales, así como los documentos internos de las asociaciones de pequeños productores. El trabajo de campo a partir de la observación participante y entrevistas semi estructu-radas completan el corpus documental para esta propuesta.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="185692">
                <text>2018</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="185693">
                <text>Acción Colectiva, Agroindústria, Yerba maté</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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                <text>Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas</text>
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                <text>Cartografias do cerrado</text>
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                <text>Tiago Amaral Sales</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Cartografar o trabalho de pesquisar no cerrado, buscar as forças e potências presentes no biologar, ir ao encontro, se encontrar. É sobre isto que esse texto fala: sobre encontros. Encontros por entre pesquisas e formações, encontros que formam e transformam. Através desses encontros entre cerrado e formigas e ciências naturais e humanas e… ocorreram processos de devires e forrageios, em movimentos de criação de marcas que modificam o corpo-vida do pesquisador que escreve e também relata suas vivências, cartografando sentimentos, vivências, momentos, revisitando passados e encontrando brechas para construção de novos mundos. Encontrando forças nos devires, nos forrageios e nas marcas, forças essas que permitem pensar num ser biólogo que acontece nos entres, nos meios, em constante (trans)formação.</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Educação, biologia, ecología, filosofia da diferença</text>
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                <text>10.46667/renbio.v13i2.358</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185685">
                <text>Revista da SBEnBIO</text>
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                <text>Marco Antonio Leandro Barzano</text>
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                <text>Biology (General)</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://sbenbio.journals.com.br/index.php/sbenbio/article/view/358" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://sbenbio.journals.com.br/index.php/sbenbio/article/view/358&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                <text>Tasa de descuento ambiental Gamma: una aplicación para Colombia</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Francisco Correa</text>
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                <text>Este artículo tiene como objetivo central describir y aplicar una metodología para estimar la tasa de descuento en proyectos de largo plazo para Colombia, como son los proyectos relacionados con la conservación ambiental y el cambio climático global. La metodología aplicada es conocida como el descuento gamma. Para la aplicación de este método se realizó una encuesta a 120 economistas de Colombia, de esta forma se obtuvo una tasa descuento mucho menor que la tasa social de descuento usualmente utilizada en la evaluación económica de proyectos de largo plazo en el país. Adicionalmente, las estimaciones realizadas permiten verificar la declinación en el tiempo de dicha tasa de descuento.  Palabras clave: descuento, preferencias intertemporales, impactos ambientales, análisis costo-beneficio, incertidumbre. Clasificación JEL: B41, D91, Q51   Abstract:   The main purpose of this article is to describe and apply a methodology to estimate the discount rate on long-term projects, such as those related to environmental conservation and global climate change, for Colombia. The applied methodology is known as gamma discount. For the application of this method, a survey of 120 Colombian economists was conducted. This yielded a much smaller discount rate than the social rate of discount typically used in the economic evaluation of domestic long-term projects. Additionally, the obtained estimations allow verifying the decline in time of such a discount rate.  Keywords: discount rate, intertemporal preferences, environmental impacts, cost-benefit analysis, uncertainty. JEL Classification: B41, D91, Q51   Résumé :   Cet article présente une méthodologie permettant d.estimer le taux d.actualisation dans la valorisation des projets de long terme pour la Colombie, notamment les projets associés à la préservation de l.environnement et le changement climatique. La méthodologie que nous appliquons est connue comme l.escompte gamma. Pour ce faire, nous avons fait un sondage auprès de 120 économistes de Colombie, ce qui nous a permit d.établir un taux d.escompte beaucoup plus petit que le taux social d.escompte traditionnellement utilisé dans l'évaluation économique des projets de long terme dans le pays. En plus, les estimations effectuées permettent de vérifier la chute de ce taux d.escompte dans le temps.  Mots Clef: taux d.escompte, préférences intertemporelles, impacts environnementaux, analyse coût bénéfice, incertitude. Classification JEL: B41, D91, Q51   </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185673">
                <text>2009</text>
              </elementText>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185674">
                <text>10.17533/udea.le.n69a739</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Lecturas de Economía</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185676">
                <text>Universidad de Antioquia</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Economics as a science, Economic history and conditions</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/lecturasdeeconomia/article/view/739" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/lecturasdeeconomia/article/view/739&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>La economía natural; la formalización matemática y la economía ecológica.</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185662">
                <text>Luis Jair Gómez G</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="185663">
                <text>Las raíces de la crisis de la economía actual es analizada desde tres ángulos, la naturaleza misma de la teorización neoclásica dominante, el abandono de los referentes de la Economía de la Naturaleza que en principio incorporó la Fisiocracia pero abandonó la escuela de los Clásicos y la no incorporación de los principios termodinámicos en el análisis económico de la producción en el sistema neoclásico hoy dominante. Se propone entonces, el tema de la termoeconomía y de la circularidad de la vida en una amplia perspectiva ecológica como puntos de partida para reexaminar la teoría económica y adecuarla a las demandas de la preocupación ambiental de la humanidad.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185664">
                <text>2001</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="185665">
                <text>Ambiental, Crisis económica, Termoeconômia, ecología, teoría neoclásica</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="185666">
                <text>Ensayos de Economía</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185667">
                <text>Universidad Nacional de Colombia</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185668">
                <text>Economics as a science, Economic theory. Demography, Economic history and conditions</text>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185669">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/ede/article/view/23939" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/ede/article/view/23939&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185651">
                <text>Evolução da distribuição dos financiamentos do PRONAF entre as unidades da federação, no período de 1999 a 2009</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185652">
                <text>Paulo Marcelo de Souza, Marlon Gomes Ney, Niraldo José Ponciano</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="185653">
                <text>Com a pesquisa, buscou-se analisar a evolução da distribuição dos financiamentos do Pronaf entre as unidades da federação, na última década. De início, constatou-se melhoria na distribuição desses recursos. Porém, como essa tendência se reverteu ao final do período, a distribuição dos financiamentos permanece concentrada em poucos estados, como Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná e Minas Gerais. Observou-se ainda que essa distribuição não reflete totalmente a distribuição da agricultura familiar entre os estados. Esses recursos têm sido direcionados, principalmente, para estados com maior participação no valor produzido pela agricultura familiar.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="185654">
                <text>2011</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="185655">
                <text>Agricultura Familiar, Pronaf, distribuição</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185656">
                <text>10.1590/S0034-71402011000300005</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="185657">
                <text>Revista Brasileira de Economia</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Fundação Getúlio Vargas</text>
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                <text>Economics as a science</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0034-71402011000300005&amp;amp;lng=en&amp;amp;tlng=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0034-71402011000300005&amp;amp;lng=en&amp;amp;tlng=en&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                <text>PROPUESTA INICIAL DE UNA RED AMPLIADA DE ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS EN ESPAÑA PENINSULAR BAJO EL ENFOQUE DE SU CONEXIÓN CON LA MATRIZ TERRITORIAL</text>
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                <text>Javier Martínez-Vega, Pilar Echavarría Daspet</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Se propone la oportunidad de ampliar la actual red de Áreas Protegidas de España peninsular bajo una estrategia global de conservación de la naturaleza que vaya más allá de la preservación de los espacios que ya disponen de una figura de protección. Mediante el empleo de Tecnologías de Información Geográfica se han diseñado zonas de amortiguación y corredores ecológicos para que funcionen como conectores de las áreas núcleo que son los actuales Espacios Naturales Protegidos. Esta red ecológica ampliada ocupa 345.733 km2, equivalente al 70  de la superficie total del área de estudio. A modo de validación, se % ha combinado esta cobertura de Áreas Protegidas con mapas de rareza, representatividad y diversidad de los ecosistemas forestales. De acuerdo a estos indicadores de Ecología del Paisaje, el 82,25  de los % ecosistemas forestales más raros de España peninsular se encuentran dentro de la red ampliada de Áreas Protegidas propuesta, al igual que el 82,88 % de los montes de mayor representatividad y el 89,21 % de las áreas forestales más diversas.</text>
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                <text>2013</text>
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                <text>Investigaciones Geográficas</text>
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                <text>Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Geography (General)</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=17629315003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=17629315003&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                <text>Inoculation of &lt;i&gt;Triticum Aestivum &lt;/i&gt;L. (Poaceae) with Plant-Growth-Promoting Fungi Alleviates Plant Oxidative Stress and Enhances Phenanthrene Dissipation in Soil</text>
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                <text>Claudio Lagos, John Larsen, Alejandra Fuentes, Hector Herrera, Inmaculada García-Romera, Reinaldo Campos-Vargas, Cesar Arriagada</text>
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                <text>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are strong toxic compounds mainly released to the environment during combustion of fossil fuels, and have strong toxic effects on living organisms, with soil being one of their main reservoirs. High PAH levels in soils can interfere with plant growth and biomass production, causing several losses of diversity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the co-inoculation of Trichoderma viride and Funneliformis mosseae on PAH dissipation and alleviation of oxidative stress in Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) plants growing in a phenanthrene-spiked soil. We determined the effect of single and dual fungal inoculation on phenanthrene dissipation rates, soil enzyme activities, dry biomass, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and organic acid exudation of plants growing in a soil spiked with phenanthrene at 500 and 1000 mg kg−1 soil. The co-inoculation with T. viride and F. mosseae resulted in a high phenanthrene dissipation from the soil. Also, dry biomass, soil enzymes, antioxidant response, organic acid exudation and phenanthrene content in roots were increased by the dual inoculation treatments, whereas lipid peroxidation and phenanthrene content in shoots were reduced. Our results show that the co-inoculation with these two soil fungi significantly promotes phenanthrene dissipation from soil and contributes to alleviating oxidative damage in wheat plants exposed to high levels of phenanthrene.</text>
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                <text>2021</text>
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                <text>antioxidant enzymes, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, saprotrophic fungi, soil bioremediation</text>
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                <text>10.3390/agronomy11030411</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Agronomy</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185640">
                <text>MDPI AG</text>
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                <text>Agriculture</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/3/411" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/3/411&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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