792 10 20655 https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/54d3b20a2f36389b8fa48e2b6854cea2.pdf 649c86d56be6994542564fe679bc4e48 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sistematización de experiencia aprendizajes con anclaje en la convivencia ciudadana Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Juan Diego Castrillón Cordovez Description An account of the resource Este escrito ofrece una sistematización de experiencias docentes que se ordenó a identificar estrategias de aprendizaje para promover la convivencia ciudadana en contexto de conflictos. Las experiencias tienen en cuenta enfoques determinados tanto por principios como resultados esperados desde consideraciones al estudiantado como centro del proceso de aprendizaje. Se ofrece como referente inmediato la reseña de actividades realizadas en tiempo de pandemia del Coronavirus con la invitación a la escucha activa grupos musicales y de cantantes con mensajes para favorecer la convivencia, como contextos para aplicar perspectivas de Pierre Bourdieu y Gianni Vattimo en particular orientados en clave global a quitarle el velo a prejuicios y estereotipos considerando que éste fue un objetivo modular. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource convivencia ciudadana, competencia de la escucha, aprendizajes desde contextos Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.47366/sabia.v6n1a7 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sabia Revista Científica Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Universidad del Pacífico Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Social Sciences, Education https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/fbef21699148731ba4a0f5ae558a4876.pdf ecbba8c664fd586906ad54537ef4a8dc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Commuting: Results from a Social Approach and International Evidence on Carpooling Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource José Alberto Molina, J. Ignacio Giménez-Nadal, Jorge Velilla Description An account of the resource Sustainable commuting (SC) usually refers to environmentally friendly travel modes, such as public transport (bus, tram, subway, light rail), walking, cycling, and carpooling. The double aim of the paper is to summarize relevant prior results in commuting from a social approach, and to provide new, international empirical evidence on carpooling as a specific mode of sustainable commuting. The literature shows that certain socio-demographic characteristics clearly affect the use of non-motorized alternatives, and compared to driving, well-being is greater for those using active travel or public transport. Additionally, this paper analyzes the behavior of carpooling for commuting, using ordinary least squares (OLS) models, which have been estimated from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) for the following countries: Bulgaria, Canada, Spain, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Results indicate that carpooling for commuting is nothabitual for workers, as less than 25% of the total time from/to work by car is done with others on board. With respect to the role of the socio-demographic characteristics of individuals, our evidence indicates that age, gender, education, being native, and household composition may have a cross-country, consistent relationship with carpooling participation. Given that socializing is the main reason for carpooling, in the current COVID-19 pandemic, carpooling may be decreasing and, consequently, initiatives have been launched to show that carpooling is a necessary way to avoid crowded modes of transport. Thus, the development of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) lanes by local authorities can increase carpooling, and draw attention to the economic and environmental benefits of carpooling for potential users. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource carpooling, Sustainable commuting, human approach Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3390/su12229587 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Biotemas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Environmental effects of industries and plants, Renewable energy sources, Environmental sciences https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/4450932f75c427a1ff482403636c62aa.pdf dc03df32ed155406f3ae56b83132e4fb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Steven Sanche, Yen Ting Lin, Chonggang Xu, Ethan Romero-Severson, Nick Hengartner, Ruian Ke Description An account of the resource Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease pandemic. Initial estimates of the early dynamics of the outbreak in Wuhan, China, suggested a doubling time of the number of infected persons of 6–7 days and a basic reproductive number (R0) of 2.2–2.7. We collected extensive individual case reports across China and estimated key epidemiologic parameters, including the incubation period (4.2 days). We then designed 2 mathematical modeling approaches to infer the outbreak dynamics in Wuhan by using high-resolution domestic travel and infection data. Results show that the doubling time early in the epidemic in Wuhan was 2.3–3.3 days. Assuming a serial interval of 6–9 days, we calculated a median R0 value of 5.7 (95% CI 3.8–8.9). We further show that active surveillance, contact tracing, quarantine, and early strong social distancing efforts are needed to stop transmission of the virus. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource Viruses, Respiratory Infections, covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, 2019 novel coronavirus disease Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3201/eid2607.200282 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Emerging Infectious Diseases Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/b60ac4078e65cd1cf4eb1495999da992.pdf b5211ff9d28072c12746a878d1a837a5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Detection and Characterization of New Coronavirus in Bottlenose Dolphin, United States, 2019 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leyi Wang, Carol Maddox, Karen Terio, Saraswathi Lanka, Richard Fredrickson, Brittany Novick, Celeste Parry, Abby McClain, Kyle Ross Description An account of the resource We characterized novel coronaviruses detected in US bottlenose dolphins (BdCoVs) with diarrhea. These viruses are closely related to the other 2 known cetacean coronaviruses, Hong Kong BdCoV and beluga whale CoV. A deletion in the spike gene and insertions in the membrane gene and untranslated regions were found in US BdCoVs (unrelated to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource coronavirus, Viruses, zoonoses, genetic characterization, detection, bottlenose dolphin Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3201/eid2607.200093 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Emerging Infectious Diseases Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/45b1e66b85d055ffe515895d6757c4be.pdf 26853fa13e3b70188671995573fbfc2d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Aviation Risk Assessment in the Context of Uncertainty Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Casandra Venera PIETREANU, Sorin Eugen ZAHARIA, Valentin Marian IORDACHE Description An account of the resource The paper analysis a subject insufficiently addressed or even misunderstood (i.e. uncertainty) in relation to describing aviation safety, financial or social risks. In the context of Covid-19 pandemic, uncertainty becomes a habit and the aviation industry has to confront and mitigate it. The study outlines the characteristics of risks under uncertainty, conditions for triggering risks and the importance of proper understanding of notions as an instrument for collaborative decision making and managerial success. After reviewing various studies, the authors differentiate the informally use of the two terms from the academic (formal) one and highlight the distinction between real and perceived risk influenced by uncertainty. Finally, a research on the limitations of different performance related indicators while dealing with unclear, imprecise or incomplete knowledge is achieved. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource Uncertainty, covid-19 pandemic, decision making, risk analysis, safety occurrence Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.13111/2066-8201.2020.12.3.20 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived INCAS Bulletin Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Institute for Aerospace Research “Elie Carafoli” - INCAS Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/5a02f0c7f99662d7369ce223a4996ea3.pdf 4897a08f1f07dd50f1f09a1d55e4df83 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carl E. Stafstrom, Lauren L. Jantzie Description An account of the resource The ongoing worldwide pandemic of the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing disease, COVID-19, has presented enormous and unprecedented challenges for all medical specialists. However, to date, children, especially neonates, have been relatively spared from the devastating consequences of this infection. Neurologic involvement is being increasingly recognized among adults with COVID-19, who can develop sensory deficits in smell and taste, delirium, encephalopathy, headaches, strokes, and peripheral nervous system disorders. Among neonates and children, COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations have been relatively rare, yet reports involving neurologic dysfunction in this age range are increasing. As discussed in this review, pediatric neurologists and other pediatric specialists should be alert to potential neurological involvement by this virus, which might have neuroinvasive capability and carry long-term neuropsychiatric and medical consequences. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource coronavirus, covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, neurological, Neonate, Brain Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3390/children7090133 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Epidemiology and Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Korean Society of Epidemiology Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Pediatrics https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/07e03116593444c80f31f10e9be8df1c.pdf 439375bed1746b86655a219dfb78c285 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unemployment, Employability and COVID19: How the Global Socioeconomic Shock Challenged Negative Perceptions Toward the Less Fortunate in the Australian Context Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aino Suomi, Aino Suomi, Timothy P. Schofield, Peter Butterworth, Peter Butterworth Description An account of the resource Unemployed benefit recipients are stigmatized and generally perceived negatively in terms of their personality characteristics and employability. The COVID19 economic shock led to rapid public policy responses across the globe to lessen the impact of mass unemployment, potentially shifting community perceptions of individuals who are out of work and rely on government income support. We used a repeated cross-sections design to study change in stigma tied to unemployment and benefit receipt in a pre-existing pre-COVID19 sample (n = 260) and a sample collected during COVID19 pandemic (n = 670) by using a vignette-based experiment. Participants rated attributes of characters who were described as being employed, working poor, unemployed or receiving unemployment benefits. The results show that compared to employed characters, unemployed characters were rated substantially less favorably at both time points on their employability and personality traits. The difference in perceptions of the employed and unemployed was, however, attenuated during COVID19 with benefit recipients perceived as more employable and more Conscientious than pre-pandemic. These results add to knowledge about the determinants of welfare stigma highlighting the impact of the global economic and health crisis on perception of others. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource covid-19, unemployment, personality, Public Policy, big five, Employability Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.594837 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Epidemiology and Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Korean Society of Epidemiology Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Psychology https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/ada9d09aa626632b5e3b2520a47f6cb0.pdf 7c054b106655c8a01ca41aaa5f46d76c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Statistics-Based Predictions of Coronavirus Epidemic Spreading in Mainland China Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Igor Nesteruk Description An account of the resource Background.  The epidemic outbreak caused by coronavirus COVID-19 is of great interest to researches because of the high rate of the infection spread and the significant number of fatalities. A detailed scientific analysis of the phenomenon is yet to come, but the public is already interested in the questions of the epidemic duration, the expected number of patients and deaths. Long-time predictions require complicated mathematical models that need a lot of effort to identify and calculate unknown parameters. This article will present some preliminary estimates. Objective. Since the long-time data are available only for mainland China, we will try to predict the epidemic characteristics only in this area. We will estimate some of the epidemic characteristics and present the dependen­cies for victim numbers, infected and removed persons versus time. Methods. In this study we use the known SIR model for the dynamics of an epidemic, the known exact solution of the linear differential equations and statistical approach developed before for investigation of the children disease, which occurred in Chernivtsi (Ukraine) in 1988–1989.  Results. The optimal values of the SIR model parameters were identified with the use of statistical approach. The numbers of infected, susceptible and removed persons versus time were predicted and compared with the new data obtained after February 10, 2020, when the calculations were completed. Conclusions. The simple mathematical model was used to predict the characteristics of the epidemic caused by coronavirus in mainland China. Unfortunately, the number of coronavirus victims is expected to be much higher than that predicted on February 10, 2020, since 12289 new cases (not previously included in official counts) have been added two days later. Further research should focus on updating the predictions with the use of up-to-date data and using more complicated mathematical models. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource SIR model, coronavirus 2019-ncov, coronavirus (COVID-19), statistical methods, parameter identification, coronavirus epidemic in china, mathematical modeling of infection diseases Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.20535/ibb.2020.4.1.195074 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Epidemiology and Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Korean Society of Epidemiology Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Biology (General) https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/800e8ac43fa4435ad7335a00d56d59c6.pdf 0bf10f228e6b166270df13544d1efaa5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The big unknown: The asymptomatic spread of COVID-19 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Roumen Anguelov, Jacek Banasiak, Chelsea Bright, Jean Lubuma, Rachid Ouifki Description An account of the resource The paper draws attention to the asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases of COVID-19, which, according to some reports, may constitute a large fraction of the infected individuals. These cases are often unreported and are not captured in the total number of confirmed cases communicated daily. On the one hand, this group may play a significant role in the spread of the infection, as asymptomatic cases are seldom detected? and quarantined. On the other hand, it may play a significant role in disease extinction by contributing to the development of sufficient herd immunity. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.11145/j.biomath.2020.05.103 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Biomath Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Biomath Forum Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Biology (General), Mathematics https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/c637f8f78a87c69af9923ecfe9b45d9b.pdf 3060f7599783f15dedd0c84b97cc9f80 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Necessity of Understanding Disasters in the Language of Suffering Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Srajana Kaikini Description An account of the resource   Context: A Series of Unfolding Tragedies The categorization of disasters as natural or manmade does little for our understanding of the moral stakes of individuals, institutions, and collectives in disasters. There is a greater possibility of understanding the complex moral nature of disastrous events when they are classified as events of “social suffering.” This reframing enables us to necessarily relate to these disasters by way of a consciously chosen ethical positioning. When disasters are understood in the language of suffering, there is hope that such an ontological rephrasing can inspire institutions to respond with ethically sensible measures that safeguard the dignity of the lives at stake at the individual and collective levels. The mismanagement of the COVID-19 pandemic across nation states resulted in several tragic collateral disasters. Disasters are often seen as law and order enforcement projects in which institutions deal with what Agamben calls “bare lives.”[1] Such a view led India to use a top-down disaster management response to the pandemic with implementation of curfews and lockdowns reflecting an authoritarian attitude towards a complex human condition.[2] Thinking about Disasters Historically, compared to social scientists and sociologists, philosophers have given relatively little thought to the understanding of  “natural” disasters and the social experiences related to them.[3] Describing disasters as sudden and unexpected occurrences, often beyond immediate human control, encourages people to think about disasters only from the interest of  how to act when disaster strikes. Disasters, conventionally defined as “events” that begin and end, require an ethical response not just in terms of short-term action but also in terms of long-term existence. COVID-19 is a disaster predicted to linger and therefore calls for long-term social action. One way of defining disasters is through identifying their cause as either “natural or the result of accidental or deliberate human action.”[4] Zack’s definition of disaster calls for a need for action toward recovery in disaster zones. Such an application-based ethical approach to disaster is necessary in order for us to act when in a disaster. However, a large number of people must simply be with such an event, i.e., remain aware or engage with the event. They may be distantly located and engaging with it predominantly through media. They may be unable to help based on the expertise necessary. In order to make sense of the ethical obligations in relation to a disaster, we need a metaphysical framework of disasters, one which helps us understand our relation to an event where we are not in a position to act or help. While it is important to understand a disaster that requires action, it is equally significant to understand that many people must relate to a disaster while unable or ill-equipped to take action. In either scenario, the moral response must first and foremost allow people to be able to be with the disaster and relate to it. A disaster could also be defined socio-politically as “an event that destroys or disables the institutions required for moral agency and effective citizenship.”[5] Such a definition gives significance to both the loss of the dignity of life and the loss of physical life. Seen this way, disasters become moments of crisis for humanity where the status quo of a contemporary human condition is disturbed or forced to change. The disconnect between the crisis and people’s ability to relate to it increases when ongoing disasters become historical events relegated to the past in memoirs and museums. Responding becomes an integral ethical concept to articulate whenever we are recollecting, representing, or mediating these experiences. A critique of the classification of disasters will help us understand why most of us fail to grasp our moral response to disasters. Natural or Unnatural Disasters? Scientific research categorizes disasters as natural or unnatural. Recently, researchers in disaster studies questioned the use of the phrase “natural disasters.” Chmutina and von Meding argue that the widespread use of “natural disaster,” especially by the scientific community, depoliticizes the event such that it dispenses with questions of moral responsibility and fails to address a moral backdrop under which many people are unnecessarily vulnerable to the natural event.[6] This argument gained particular prominence in recent times under the trending social media hashtag #NoNaturalDisasters. Human vulnerability and fallibility are recognized as key components to the experience of any disaster. Amidst glaring inconsistencies in the ways in which research is done on disasters with minimal representation from the affected community, there is an urgent need for moral codes of conduct while researching disasters.[7]  The terminologies, technologies, and methodologies employed in engaging with disasters risk a split between those involved directly and those aware of (those who are with) the disaster. This split affords certain members of  society the possibility of being apathetic to the conditions on the ground contributing to the resultant collateral humanitarian crisis, for instance, the tragedy of the migrant workers across India as a result of blind enforcements of the COVID-19-related lockdowns.[8] The moral responsibility of the bystanders should be to coexist with the disaster in a way that fosters support of the vulnerable rather than disconnected apathy. Convenient naturalization[9] of disasters to suit the needs of information transaction greatly affects the way in which we relate to these events. Our intuitive ethical experience and, subsequently, our ethical response is determined by how ‘naturalized’ the event is in the understanding of those who are with the event but neither close enough to be personally hurt or personally able to actively help. Labeling the event natural creates the feeling that people do not need to experience the disaster as their own morally. Regardless of our sense of an event’s causes as natural or unnatural, what remains universal is the occurrence of suffering. Suffering, either from being in a disaster or being with a disaster, resists easy resolution. Instead, it makes us aware of the need to articulate an ethics of being in and being with. Social Suffering, the Individual and the Collective Many philosophies think about suffering from the perspective of emancipation or liberation from it. Malpas and Lickis define suffering as a “state of severe distress associated with events that threaten the intactness of the person [as a person].”[10] When a large-scale disaster occurs, and the events appear to threaten the “intactness” of an entire group or collective of persons,  suffering undergoes a shift in its locus: the suffering is not of any one person but belongs to an entire “social” or a community. Trauma - the psychological suffering individuated in persons – takes on the form of “social suffering.” Suffering, always understood with the constitutive individual as its locus, needs to also be understood as occurring within social groups or the “social self.”[11] To address the phenomenology of disasters, Pierre Bourdieu, Arthur Kleinman, Veena Das, and Margaret Lock, looked at the concept of social suffering in these two ways: individually located and socially located. When public sites like housing projects, schools, or parks become places of confrontations and conflicts (often with tragic consequences), the society or collective suffers. Often, individuals do not choose the people they are with. Bourdieu observes that sociologists often fail to understand such situations of conflict in their rush to respond.[12] Bourdieu’s idea of social suffering is rooted in the individual who then becomes part of a group in the context of conflicts. Within this individual-centric framework, he articulates the tension between the individual and social suffering as a “positional suffering” that often becomes dispensable in light of so-called “real” suffering related to material poverty. The focus on “real” suffering creates hierarchies of suffering between la grande misere and the many kinds of ordinary suffering or la petite misere.[13] This production of the various orders of suffering either end up magnifying, valorizing, or reifying some types of suffering while weakening the value and validity of others. However, some kinds of social suffering also have a non-quantifiable nature – this suffering pervades across space and time and permeates the consciousness of collectives sometimes across generations. Labeling disasters natural interferes with the process of a social response. For Kleinman, Das, and Lock, social suffering results from the entangled relationship among politics, economics, and institutional power and the manner in which this power influences a social response to a given problem.[14] Pressing the need to look at well-being not as a “social indicator” but as a “social process,” they observe how the cultural responses to social violence often “transform the local idioms of victims into universal professional languages of complaint and restitution – and thereby remake both representations and experiences of suffering.”[15] There is a certain flattening of experience that takes place by what they term “historically shaped rationalities and technologies.” The violence of response is partially due to the ways in which the pragmatically organized world fractures the experiential phenomenon of suffering into measurable units.[16] Noting ways in which human suffering can be singular and collective, local and global at the same time, they propose the notion of “social suffering” as a concept that can encourage a collective social response. They argue for strengthening the ethical relationship between experiences of collective suffering and the seemingly unrelated individual. Theories that are preoccupied with the incommunicability of pain fail to articulate and mediate collective experiences of suffering. Theories that solely focus on knowledge and do not engage with experience, often fail to help make ethical sense of suffering. In the worst case, this results in apathy by those who are unaffected. Alternatively, the framework of social suffering offers a way to ethically situate ourselves in relation to events.  Disasters as Social Suffering - An Ethical Reframing The language of suffering enables us to begin to articulate the experiences of disasters and their memories metaphysically. The categorization of disasters as natural or manmade has done little to address the moral response of the collective to disasters and has led to apathy by those less personally impacted. It is only when disaster is understood through the concept of social suffering, rather than as natural or not, that we find some grounds to relate ethically to it. Disasters that are understood as events of social suffering inspire a necessary collective ethical response, limiting apathy.  Institutions and the state should incorporate an understanding of suffering into the state’s code of conduct that reflects COVID-19’s collateral implications due to a current framework that leaves society vulnerable to suffering. Then, there can be some hope that those responding by taking action as well as those who exist with the disaster and its suffering can morally be with the disaster. A failure to bring the ethical language of collective suffering to public policy will continue to manifest as an endless series of unfortunate events. Photo by Annie Spratt on Unsplash [1] Agamben, Giorgio. 2002. Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive. (Homo Sacer). New York: Zone Books. [2] Ministry of Home Affairs. 2005. “Disaster Management Act 2005.” Government of India.https://indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2045?view_type=browse&sam_handle=123456789/1362 accessed May 13, 2020. [3] See Sandin, Per. 2018. “Conceptualizations of Disasters in Philosophy.” In O’Mathúna D., Dranseika V., Gordijn B. eds. Disasters: Core Concepts and Ethical Theories. Advancing Global Bioethics, vol 11. Springer, for a brief overview of some analytic philosophers on disasters. [4] Zack, Naomi. 2009. Ethics for Disaster. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.   [5] Voice, Paul. 2016. “What do liberal democratic states owe the victim of disasters? A Rawlsian account.” Journal of Applied Philosophy. 33. no. 4: 396–410. [6] Chmutina, K., von Meding, J. A. 2019. “Dilemma of Language: “Natural Disasters” in Academic Literature.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 10. 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-019-00232-2 [7] Gaillard, J.C and Peek, Lori. 2019. “Disaster-zone research needs a code of conduct.” Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03534-z [8] Guru, Gopal. 2020. “A Tragic Travelogue.” Economic and Political Weekly. 55, no. 19. https://www.epw.in/journal/2020/19/editors-desk/tragic-travelogue.html [9] Guru and Sarukkai give a detailed philosophical account of how the natural and social sciences employ this process of naturalization to suit their purpose of study in order to create their own objects. See Guru, Gopal and Sarukkai, Sundar. 2019. Experience, Caste and the Everyday Social. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. [10] Malpas, Jeff and Lickis, Norelle. eds. 2007. Perspectives on Human Suffering. Springer. [11] Guru, Gopal and Sarukkai, Sundar. 2019. Experience, Caste and the Everyday Social. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. [12] Bourdieu, Pierre et. al. 1999. The Weight of the World: Social Suffering in Contemporary Society, trans. by Fergusson, Priscilla. Stanford University Press. California. [13] Ibid. [14] Kleinman, Arthur, Das, Veena. and Lock, Margaret. 1997. Social Suffering. University of California Press. Berkeley. [15] Ibid. [16] Ibid. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource disaster management, suffering, metaphysics, Social Suffering, philosophy of bioethics Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.7916/vib.v6i.6667 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Epidemiology and Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Korean Society of Epidemiology Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethics, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics