1007 10 20655 https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/56a2a11901cf579b2ccabdd327dba529.pdf d6ca54743dcbe1e6ed827ba6fb502f34 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Immunomodulatory Drugs in the Management of SARS-CoV-2 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Daniel R. Burrage, Daniel R. Burrage, Soraya Koushesh, Nidhi Sofat, Nidhi Sofat Description An account of the resource With the onset of the global pandemic in 2020 of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), there has been increasing research activity around certain disease-modifying drugs that are used for the management of inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthrosis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and inflammatory bowel disease for managing coronavirus symptoms. In the conditions mentioned, many people are on long-term treatment with agents including hydroxychloroquine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) inhibitor drugs, other biologic agents such as monoclonal antibodies to IL-6 and Janus kinase inhibitors including baricitinib and tofacitinib, which are used to control inflammatory responses in their respective auto-immune condition. There is emerging data that immunomodulatory drugs could be protective at reducing certain features of SARS-CoV-2 and improving recovery. In addition, it is important to understand if subjects being treated with the immunomodulatory agents described have a less severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, as they are deemed some protection from their immunomodulatory treatment, or if they develop infections similar to non-immunocompromised patients. There is a huge unmet clinical need to advise patients responsibly about whether they should remain on their immunomodulatory treatment or not in light of Covid-19 infection. In this article we will discuss potential treatment options for SARS-CoV-2 using immunomodulatory drugs and at what stage of the condition they may be beneficial. Viable treatment options during the global coronavirus pandemic are a much-needed and an intensely active area of research. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource Cytokines, SARS-CoV-2, hyperinflammation, immunomodulators, biologics Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01844 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Epidemiology and Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Korean Society of Epidemiology Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Immunologic diseases. Allergy https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/5d1bf009b28aa82f6571f2bf5cd4e4c3.pdf 78f804bc9870a8dc879470eb534e3ab9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource SARS-CoV-2, ACE2, and Hydroxychloroquine: Cardiovascular Complications, Therapeutics, and Clinical Readouts in the Current Settings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dhanendra Tomar, Rajkumar Singh Kalra, Avtar Singh Meena, Ramesh Kandimalla Description An account of the resource The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2- SARS-CoV-2), has greatly burdened the global healthcare system and led it into crisis in several countries. Lack of targeted therapeutics led to the idea of repurposing broad-spectrum drugs for viral intervention. In vitro analyses of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)’s anecdotal benefits prompted its widespread clinical repurposing globally. Reports of emerging cardiovascular complications due to its clinical prescription are revealing the crucial role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which serves as a target receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In the present settings, a clear understanding of these targets, their functional aspects and physiological impact on cardiovascular function are critical. In an up-to-date format, we shed light on HCQ’s anecdotal function in stalling SARS-CoV-2 replication and immunomodulatory activities. While starting with the crucial role of ACE2, we here discuss the impact of HCQ on systemic cardiovascular function, its associated risks, and the scope of HCQ-based regimes in current clinical settings. Citing the extent of HCQ efficacy, the key considerations and recommendations for the use of HCQ in clinics are further discussed. Taken together, this review provides crucial insights into the role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2-led cardiovascular activity, and concurrently assesses the efficacy of HCQ in contemporary clinical settings. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, ACE2, Hydroxychloroquine, Cardiovascular system, Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3390/pathogens9070546 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Biotemas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medicine https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/cd01c8adfe82dbca7e69ce8d6fbe804f.pdf 6785806445e04848f9d7630dc1260cde Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource SARS Unique Domain (SUD) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Induces NLRP3 Inflammasome-Dependent CXCL10-Mediated Pulmonary Inflammation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young-Sheng Chang, Bo-Han Ko, Jyh-Cherng Ju, Hsin-Hou Chang, Su-Hua Huang, Cheng-Wen Lin Description An account of the resource Severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) initiates the cytokine/chemokine storm-mediated lung injury. The SARS-CoV unique domain (SUD) with three macrodomains (N, M, and C), showing the G-quadruplex binding activity, was examined the possible role in SARS pathogenesis in this study. The chemokine profile analysis indicated that SARS-CoV SUD significantly up-regulated the expression of CXCL10, CCL5 and interleukin (IL)-1β in human lung epithelial cells and in the lung tissues of the mice intratracheally instilled with the recombinant plasmids. Among the SUD subdomains, SUD-MC substantially activated AP-1-mediated CXCL10 expression in vitro. In the wild type mice, SARS-CoV SUD-MC triggered the pulmonary infiltration of macrophages and monocytes, inducing CXCL10-mediated inflammatory responses and severe diffuse alveolar damage symptoms. Moreover, SUD-MC actuated NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-dependent pulmonary inflammation, as confirmed by the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor and the NLRP3−/− mouse model. This study demonstrated that SARS-CoV SUD modulated NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent CXCL10-mediated pulmonary inflammation, providing the potential therapeutic targets for developing the antiviral agents. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource SARS-coronavirus, NLRP3 inflammasome, CXCL10, Pulmonary inflammation, SARS-CoV unique domain (SUD) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3390/ijms21093179 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Epidemiology and Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Korean Society of Epidemiology Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Biology (General), Chemistry https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/c402d756cc86b11b65502487e92fbfdb.pdf cf35c984e39a7418d819dae42f4a8c27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potential Application of Whole Body Vibration Exercise For Improving The Clinical Conditions of COVID-19 Infected Individuals: A Narrative Review From the World Association of Vibration Exercise Experts (WAVex) Panel Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Michael Bemben, Borja Sañudo, Adérito Seixas, Rainer Gloeckl, Jörn Rittweger, Rainer Rawer, Redha Taiar, Eddy A. van der Zee, Marieke J.G. van Heuvelen, Ana Cristina Lacerda, Alessandro Sartorio, Darryl Cochrane, Trentham Furness, Danúbia de Sá-Caputo, Mario Bernardo-Filho Description An account of the resource COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease which leads to several clinical conditions related to the dysfunction of the respiratory system along with other physical and psychological complaints. Severely affected patients are referred to intensive care units (ICUs), limiting their possibilities for physical exercise. Whole body vibration (WBV) exercise is a non-invasive, physical therapy, that has been suggested as part of the procedures involved with pulmonary rehabilitation, even in ICU settings. Therefore, in the current review, the World Association of Vibration Exercise Experts (WAVEX) reviewed the potential of WBV exercise as a useful and safe intervention for the management of infected individuals with COVID-19 by mitigating the inactivity-related declines in physical condition and reducing the time in ICU. Recommendations regarding the reduction of fatigue and the risk of dyspnea, the improvement of the inflammatory and redox status favoring cellular homeostasis and the overall improvement in the quality of life are provided. Finally, practical applications for the use of this paradigm leading to a better prognosis in bed bound and ICU-bound subjects is proposed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource coronavirus, covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, Whole-body vibration exercise Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3390/ijerph17103650 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Epidemiology and Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Korean Society of Epidemiology Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medicine https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/35f25de06a70ac991daae5f2e7c24c67.pdf c1b844d63521b3e619f7ab40c0b0c979 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource SARS-CoV-2 Codon Usage Bias Downregulates Host Expressed Genes With Similar Codon Usage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andres Mariano Alonso, Andres Mariano Alonso, Luis Diambra, Luis Diambra Description An account of the resource Severe acute respiratory syndrome has spread quickly throughout the world and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The pathogenic agent is a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that infects pulmonary cells with great effectiveness. In this study we focus on the codon composition for the viral protein synthesis and its relationship with the protein synthesis of the host. Our analysis reveals that SARS-CoV-2 preferred codons have poor representation of G or C nucleotides in the third position, a characteristic which could result in an unbalance in the tRNAs pools of the infected cells with serious implications in host protein synthesis. By integrating this observation with proteomic data from infected cells, we observe a reduced translation rate of host proteins associated with highly expressed genes and that they share the codon usage bias of the virus. The functional analysis of these genes suggests that this mechanism of epistasis can contribute to understanding how this virus evades the immune response and the etiology of some deleterious collateral effect as a result of the viral replication. In this manner, our finding contributes to the understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogeny and could be useful for the design of a vaccine based on the live attenuated strategy. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource translational control, SARS-CoV-2, codon usage bias, vaccine design, pathogeny, codon optimality Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3389/fcell.2020.00831 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Epidemiology and Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Korean Society of Epidemiology Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Biology (General) https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/2b20417da55629c0552881878945db2a.pdf 4a38690858dad0c724dadb15196e72e6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Our Experience of Trauma Management During Novel Coronovirus 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in a Busy Trauma Center in Southern Iran Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource SHAHRAM PAYDAR, Shahram Bolandparvaz, Shahin Mohseni, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Hossein Aabdolrahimzadeh fard, Hamid Reza Abbasi, Vahid Mehrnoush, Mina Salehi, Sima Roushenas Description An account of the resource During the past few months, the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly affected medical service provision. In Iran, it has caused around 197,000 inflictions and 9200 deaths up to June 18, 2020. While many departments turned to telehealth in this era, the trauma service should provide non-stop in presence service to the trauma victims. Our trauma center is the largest in the southwest of Iran, with the mean annual admission of 18,500 polytrauma patients. In this center, we designed a safety protocol to mitigate the spread of disease and also have a more robust case finding system, especially among asymptomatic carriers who attend hospitals based on their trauma. In brief, all unstable patients were considered SARS-COV-2 positive and were directed toward the Specialized COVID-19 related ICU. For all stable patients, history, physical examination, CXR, and lab test (Complete Blood Count, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, C-Reactive Protein) were ordered before entering the wards. If there was any suspicion of COVID-19, the stable patient was admitted to the COVID-19 specialized ward. Among all 1805 patients admitted during a ten weeks interval (from January 30, 2020, to April 14, 2020), 84 had a red flag and toward to COVID-19 related wards. Of those, 67 had positive PCR or evidence in CT in favor of the COOVID-19. Moreover, during regular workups, we found that 19 completely asymptomatic trauma victims had typical Chest CT scan findings of COVID-19. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource covid-19, pandemics, Communicable Disease Control, trauma, surgery Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.30476/beat.2020.87029 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bulletin of Emergency and Trauma Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/cdf3576cc305519bb6aae8abb8aedc64.pdf 4a3f05ba2e959e73822b5e5fbe84daf4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Activity of Metformin and Its Potential Implications in Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Lung Injury Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Xianyang Chen, Huifang Guo, Li Qiu, Chengdong Zhang, Qiang Deng, Qibin Leng Description An account of the resource The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease which causes severe lung injury and multiple organ damage, presents an urgent need for new drugs. The case severity and fatality of COVID-19 are associated with excessive inflammation, namely, a cytokine storm. Metformin, a widely used drug to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus and metabolic syndrome, has immunomodulatory activity that reduces the production of proinflammatory cytokines using macrophages and causes the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Metformin also inhibits the cytokine production of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells. Importantly, treatment with metformin alleviates various lung injuries in preclinical animal models. In addition, a recent proteomic study revealed that metformin has the potential to directly inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, retrospective clinical studies have revealed that metformin treatment reduces the mortality of T2D with COVID-19. Therefore, metformin has the potential to be repurposed to treat patients with COVID-19 at risk of developing severe illness. This review summarizes the immune pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and addresses the effects of metformin on inhibiting cytokine storms and preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as its side effects. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource antiviral activity, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus disease 2019, cytokine storm, Metformin Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02056 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Epidemiology and Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Korean Society of Epidemiology Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Immunologic diseases. Allergy https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/0b6a9c2f6a7aa0dd1bacb425bfc77e5d.pdf b0f518428c5c5fba285d6717329a674d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anxiety about the Risk of Death of Their Patients in Health Professionals in Spain: Analysis at the Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource José Gómez-Galán, José Ángel Martínez-López, Eloy López-Meneses, Cristina Lázaro-Pérez Description An account of the resource The COVID-19 health crisis has had a global effect, but the consequences in the different countries affected have been very different. In Spain, in a short period of time, health professionals went from a situation of stability to living with a working environment characterized by overcrowded hospitals, lack of individual protection equipment, non-existent or contradictory work protocols, as well as an unknown increase in mortality. Although in their professional activity health workers are closely linked to death processes, in recent months, working conditions and health emergencies have drawn an unheard of working scenario, with the stress and anxiety they may suffer when faced with the death of their patients. The present quantitative research was carried out in different hospitals in Spain on health professionals during the month of April 2020. Through the subscale of anxiety in the face of the death of others, developed by Collett–Lester, it has been verified that health professionals have had to develop their work in a context of precariousness, putting at risk both their individual and collective health, notably increasing anxiety in the face of the death of their patients. The predictive variables of this anxiety have been the absence of individual protection equipment, as well as high levels in the burnout subscales of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource Anxiety, covid-19, Death, Health care professionals, Burnout Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3390/ijerph17165938 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Epidemiology and Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Korean Society of Epidemiology Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medicine https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/58a07a1ce6336b1515cc1716d6806b4e.pdf 56ec39c385482fc25f64cf40297e540a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Online Teaching Practices and the Effectiveness of the Educational Process in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nadia Albu, Cătălin Nicolae Albu, Cristina Venera Tartavulea, Ramona Iulia Dieaconescu, Silvia Petre Description An account of the resource In this paper, we investigate the impact of the abrupt switch to online teaching whichoccurred in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. By using responses from 362 professorsand students from 13 European countries, we find that universities and students were veryquick to adapt to the new changes and that a mix of synchronous and asynchronousinteraction and assessment methods are currently employed. However, this mix is quitelimited relative to what is usually subsumed into online learning tools, and is indicative ofpassive delivery and reduced interaction. Our respondents estimate that most onlineinteraction and assessment methods will continue to be used after the return to face-to-faceeducation. Our respondents also view the switch to online teaching to have an overallmoderate positive impact on the educational process, albeit the overall effectiveness of theonline educational experience is perceived to be lower than in the case of face-to-faceteaching. Moreover, we find that the institutional support, the trust in the online system andthe perceived effectiveness of formative assessment are factors that are positivelyassociated with the impact and effectiveness of online education Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource Online teaching, quality of online education, effective online education, online instructional methods, online assessment methods Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.24818/EA/2020/55/920 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Amfiteatru Economic Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Academy of Economic Studies of Bucharest Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Business, Economics as a science https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/efa3ad304daff5d6672f7d529ae5a296.pdf 34bc426bd712ca6732326593747773db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Toward Understanding Molecular Bases for Biological Diversification of Human Coronaviruses: Present Status and Future Perspectives Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Naoya Doi, Takaaki Koma, Masako Nomaguchi, Akio Adachi, Shun Adachi Description An account of the resource Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are of zoonotic origins, and seven distinct HCoVs are currently known to infect humans. While the four seasonal HCoVs appear to be mildly pathogenic and circulate among human populations, the other three designated SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 can cause severe diseases in some cases. The newly identified SARS-CoV-2, a causative virus of COVID-19 that can be deadly, is now spreading worldwide much more efficiently than the other two pathogenic viruses. Despite evident differences in these properties, all HCoVs commonly have an exceptionally large genomic RNA with a rather peculiar gene organization and have the potential to readily alter their biological properties. CoVs are characterized by their biological diversifications, high recombination, and efficient adaptive evolution. We are particularly concerned about the high replication and transmission nature of SARS-CoV-2, which may lead to the emergence of more transmissible and/or pathogenic viruses than ever before. Furthermore, novel variant viruses may appear at any time from the CoV pools actively circulating or persistently being maintained in the animal reservoirs, and from the CoVs in infected human individuals. In this review, we describe knowns of the CoVs and then mention their unknowns to clarify the major issues to be addressed. Genome organizations and sequences of numerous CoVs have been determined, and the viruses are presently classified into separate phylogenetic groups. Functional roles in the viral replication cycle in vitro of non-structural and structural proteins are also quite well understood or suggested. In contrast, those in the in vitro and in vivo replication for various accessory proteins encoded by the variable 3′ one-third portion of the CoV genome mostly remain to be determined. Importantly, the genomic sequences/structures closely linked to the high CoV recombination are poorly investigated and elucidated. Also, determinants for adaptation and pathogenicity have not been systematically investigated. We summarize here these research situations. Among conceivable projects, we are especially interested in the underlying molecular mechanism by which the observed CoV diversification is generated. Finally, as virologists, we discuss how we handle the present difficulties and propose possible research directions in the medium or long term. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, HCoV, covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, biological diversification Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02016 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Epidemiology and Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Korean Society of Epidemiology Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Microbiology