1019 10 20655 https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/c5aac1f19a951a97a4228c814569538d.pdf 4484a261759a5d2e94f5ca7cea023b5f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Modulation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in receptor, innate immunity and drug antiviral candidate Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Indra Lasmana Tarigan, Kartika Arum Description An account of the resource The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a contagious acute respiratory infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as a global pandemic in 2020.  This disease most spreads and causes some severe cases, even death in the world. The primary purpose of this review discusses the recent article that was published regarding COVID-19 genomic modulation, the mechanism of innate immunity, and the screening of anti-viral drug candidates, for treating COVID-19 patients. This review used the latest paper regarding COVID-19 with 63 journals with high impact factors such as Nature, The Lancet, Cells, International Journal of Biological Sciences, Mol Biol Methods. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, and other international journals indexed by Scopus, Elsevier, and Springer through in vivo and in vitro studies. The genomic of SARS-CoV-2 consist high similarly to coronaviruses family, albeit possessing a different pathway even has higher affinity, due to changing some nitrogen bases are supposed to have a significant effect on its pneumonia. Herein, we report review article an update on the recent literature of the COVID-19 modulation genome, mechanism of innate immunity, and medical literature. Moreover, we report anti-viral drugs that have been developed from synthetic drugs and medicinal compounds from plants. Several studies have been re-analyzed using in vitro, in vivo, and modelling using bioinformatics tools. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource covid-19, novel coronavirus, modulation, Drug candidate Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.29238/teknolabjournal.v9i1.214 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Jurnal Teknologi Laboratorium Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medicine (General) https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/fd6f2bada94fa15409d39c302dab67d7.pdf 2634e93e740ab48a3a1a109bb64c995d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fentalogues Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Persico AL, Wegrzyn EL, Fudin J, Schatman ME Description An account of the resource Amelia L Persico, 1, 2 Erica L Wegrzyn, 1, 2 Jeffrey Fudin, 1, 2 Michael E Schatman 3, 4 1Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA; 2Remitigate Therapeutics, Delmar, NY, USA; 3Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; 4Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USACorrespondence: Jeffrey Fudin Email jeff@paindr.com The ongoing media maelstrom regarding opioids and classification of an “opioid crisis” during the initial decade of this millennium has stirred awareness, outrage and action among regulatory and other  government agencies, professional clinician organizations, community pharmacy policies, legislators, patient advocacy groups, anti-opioid advocate groups, and others. However, mass media reports often skew or misdirect the aggregate facts in a possible effort to abridge or sensationalize stories.1 Discernable distinctions, for example, are rarely drawn between licit pharmaceutical fentanyl, illicit fentanyl analogues, and certain highly potent analogues approved only for ungulates. The omission of this information has resulted in distorted public information that has far reaching consequences in medicine and policy development, as it leads to misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the facts by politicians, lay people and many clinicians.2 It is particularly relevant today, as pharmaceutical fentanyl is often an essential drug for intubationregularly required for ventilation procedures in declining patients that may succumb to novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). These distinctions are critical in the shifting landscape of the opioid crisis as prescriptions for opioids decrease yet overdose deaths remain alarmingly prevalent and continue to rise.     Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource n/a Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Biotemas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medicine (General) https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/1a4a929ca3feaa69ad63b8ccaea1f606.pdf 10250afe8e1431ec179769e1534dbd19 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource From Donor to Patient: Collection, Preparation and Cryopreservation of Fecal Samples for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carole Nicco, Armelle Paule, Peter Konturek, Marvin Edeas Description An account of the resource Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is suggested as an efficacious therapeutic strategy for restoring intestinal microbial balance, and thus for treating disease associated with alteration of gut microbiota. FMT consists of the administration of fresh or frozen fecal microorganisms from a healthy donor into the intestinal tract of diseased patients. At this time, in according to healthcare authorities, FMT is mainly used to treat recurrent Clostridium difficile. Despite the existence of a few existing stool banks worldwide and many studies of the FMT, there is no standard method for producing material for FMT, and there are a multitude of factors that can vary between the institutions. The main constraints for the therapeutic uses of FMT are safety concerns and acceptability. Technical and logistical issues arise when establishing such a non-standardized treatment into clinical practice with safety and proper governance. In this context, our manuscript describes a process of donor safety screening for FMT compiling clinical and biological examinations, questionnaires and interviews of donors. The potential risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus by the use of fecal microbiota for transplantation must be taken urgently into consideration. We discuss a standardized procedure of collection, preparation and cryopreservation of fecal samples through to the administration of material to patients, and explore the risks and limits of this method of FMT. The future success of medicine employing microbiota transplantation will be tightly related to its modulation and manipulation to combat dysbiosis. To achieve this goal, standard and strict methods need to be established before performing any type of FMT. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource gut microbiota, fecal samples, FMT, Fecal microbiota transplantation, cryoconservation, stool banks Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3390/diseases8020009 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Epidemiology and Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Korean Society of Epidemiology Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medicine https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/724e1451e2c6843ad3ea4ed64bcdb410.pdf e6cdd661788a5b5ff4bdf12d9cd053dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frontline Health-Care Workers in Combating the COVID-19: Respect and Reflect Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Li Y, Luo B Description An account of the resource Yuan Li,1 Biru Luo2 1Nursing Department, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; 2Nursing Department, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Sichuan, Chengdu, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Biru Luo Tel +86-1 818 060 9180Email Biruluo_wcsuh@outlook.comAbstract: The ongoing coronavirus disease has heightened enormous concern in the global community. China implemented extraordinary public health measures to take the major transmission hotspots under control at great socioeconomic cost. Frontline health-care workers have shown their commitment and accountability in the fight against the epidemic outbreak. This commentary acknowledges their contribution and offers important insights for devising future strategies in enhancing preparedness and response competencies among the health-care workforce to manage future epidemic events.Keywords: COVID-19, coronavirus, health-care worker, outbreak, preparedness and response Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource coronavirus, healthcare worker, Outbreak, covid-19, Preparedness and Response Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Biotemas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Public aspects of medicine https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/bf2426a7cb0ac5fbb5080153745f00f9.pdf 22200eaf2b797fc50454bc81a4499e73 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak on the Household Economy Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Senol Dane, Bilal Celik, Kemal Ozden Description An account of the resource Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic outbreak increased panic, anxiety, and depression level in both young and adult people and changed food consumption preferences. In the present study, the effects of COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and lockdown on the household economy (income and expenses) were investigated.Method: This research consisted of four hundred and ninety-three participants/families. All of them accepted voluntarily to take part in this study (364 men and 129 women). An online survey was generated to get the household economy parameters, including income, total expenditure, and other expenses during COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The survey was conducted during the lockdown period of COVID-19 when all participants were self-isolated at their residences.Results: There was a significant decrease in family incomes and a significant increase in family expenditures during COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Although there were substantial increases in nutrition, cleaning, communication, water-electric-gas expenses, there were outstanding decreases in cultural and transportation expenses.Conclusion: The results of the present study display that COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has a powerful impact on incomes and expenses of families from various countries. The long-period lockdown can cause several expected and unexpected adverse results such as health problems and worsening economic conditions of people. Local highway and air transportation might be permitted, and higher education institutions may be recommenced by providing basic precautions such as face mask and social distance rules. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource coronavirus, covid-19, expenses, incomes, household economy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Amber Publication Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medicine (General), Dentistry https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/5689b5c424c4cab3441a9d1a681a207c.pdf 125e60a001117ff6f005aa3dd6f64a30 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bedside wireless lung ultrasound for the evaluation of COVID-19 lung injury in senior nursing home residents Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mario Miccoli, Frank Lloyd Dini, Carlo Bergamini, Aldo Allegrini, Massimo Scopelliti, Gianmarco Secco, Stefano Boni, Raffaella Brigada, Stefano Perlini Description An account of the resource Lung Ultrasound (LUS) is regarded to be potentially useful to diagnose lung injury in older adults living in nursing homes with suspected COVID-19 pneumonia. We aimed at evaluating presence lung injury among senior nursing home residents by LUS performed with portable wireless scanner echography. The study population consisted of 150 residents with a mean age of 88 years (85% female) residing in 12 nursing homes in Northern Italy. Subjects had to have a history of recent onset of symptoms compatible with COVID-19 pneumonia or have been exposed to the contagion of patients carrying the disease. COVID-19 testing was performed with SARS-CoV-2 nasal-pharyngeal (NP) swabs. Positive subjects to LUS scanning were considered those with non-coascelent B-lines in >3 zones, coalescent B-lines in >3 zones and with iperdensed patchy non-consolidated lungs. Sixty-three percent had positive NP testing and 65% had LUS signs of pulmonary injury. LUS had a sensitivity of 79% in predicting positive NP testing. Sixteen percent of residents tested negative for SARSCoV-2 carried the signs of COVID-19 lung injury at LUS. There were 92 patients (61%) with current or recent symptoms.Positivity to LUS scanning was reported in 73% of residents with symptoms, while it was 53% in those without (P=0.016). A positive NP testing was observed in 66% of residents with symptoms and in 57% of those without (P=0.27). We conclude that assessment of LUS by portable wireless scanner echography can be profitability utilized to diagnose lung injury among senior nursing home residents with or without symptoms compatible with COVID-19 pneumonia. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource lung ultrasound, COVID-19 pneumonia, elderly, nasal-pharyngeal swabs Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.4081/monaldi.2020.1446 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available PAGEPress Publications Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medicine https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/7ab4b7e5658d524a272f5217b550ed7c.pdf a6ce5a844c6732533f79b5e406ff35ee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dificultades en la detección de genomas del Nuevo Coronavirus 2 (SARS COV-2) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pablo Goldschmidt Description An account of the resource El manejo de las infecciones virales respiratorias, tanto a nivel nacional como a nivel mundial, requiere resultados científicos de calidad. La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcriptasa inversa (rRT-PCR, por su sigla en inglés) es considerada el “patrón de oro” para detectar el genoma del nuevo coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), agente causal de la enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) sobre todo en la fase aguda de la infección. Su uso es controvertido fuera de un contexto de exposición viral. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar escollos encontrados durante la detección del genoma del SARS-CoV-2 que pueden producir resultados falsos. Los falsos negativos de rRT-PCR pueden deberse al momento y la eficacia de la toma de la muestra, la congelación, el almacenamiento y la descongelación, y a la inactivación térmica de la virulencia. Además, las señales retardadas de los controles internos invalidan la negatividad. Por otra parte, las muestras con escaso material biológico llevan a conclusiones negativas falsas, por lo que determinar un umbral (número mínimo de células epiteliales) contribuirá a reducirlas. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los kits detectan ADN humano, pero no fueron calibrados para cuantificar carga celular. Los ácidos ribonucleicos nucleares (ARN) virales adheridos a guantes, tubos y gorros, -entre otros elementos-, son fuente de falsos positivos. Las farmacopeas sugieren que la contaminación externa se controle en series de 100 muestras con al menos una representatividad del 10%. Si se extrapola esta aproximación al laboratorio de análisis clínicos, en lugar de uno se deberían procesar al menos 10 controles negativos contiguos a 10 positivos cada 100 pruebas. Mejorar la detección por rRT-PCR implica un aumento de al menos 20% en el costo de los reactivos, por lo que se necesitan recursos adicionales. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Revista Argentina de Salud Pública Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Ministerio de Salud Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Public aspects of medicine, Medicine (General) https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/517c2cb6e2efde1cc11e4d3871d62b6b.pdf 1aec09981a27d6aba9de84b5ee4d8974 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Examining the Effects of the Sacramento Dockless E-Bike Share on Bicycling and Driving Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dillon T. Fitch, Hossain Mohiuddin, Susan L. Handy Description An account of the resource One way cities are looking to promote bicycling is by providing publicly or privately operated bike-share services, which enable individuals to rent bicycles for one-way trips. Although many studies have examined the use of bike-share services, little is known about how these services influence individual-level travel behavior more generally. In this study, we examine the behavior of users and non-users of a dockless, electric-assisted bike-share service in the Sacramento region of California. This service, operated by Jump until suspended due to the coronavirus pandemic, was one of the largest of its kind in the U.S., and spanned three California cities: Sacramento, West Sacramento, and Davis. We combine data from a repeat cross-sectional before-and-after survey of residents and a longitudinal panel survey of bike-share users with the goal of examining how the service influenced individual-level bicycling and driving. Results from multilevel regression models suggest that the effect of bike-share on average bicycling and driving at the population level is likely small. However, our results indicate that people who have used-bike share are likely to have increased their bicycling because of bike-share. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Subject The topic of the resource travel behavior, Bicycling, Bike Share, vehicle miles traveled, multilevel model, before-and-after Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3390/su13010368 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Biotemas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Environmental effects of industries and plants, Renewable energy sources, Environmental sciences https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/de84780eac5f95ca5bc3494f5468ed13.pdf dd2918fc1f4554ace31ea451b5db01f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Events Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Igor V. Karyakin, Elvira G. Nikolenko Description An account of the resource The Thirteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS COP13) concluded at 24 February 2020 in Gandhinagar, India with the adoption of a number of significant resolutions and decisions to address the conservation needs and threats facing migratory species around the globe. The side event was held during the 13th CMS Conference of the Parties (CMS COP13) in Gandhinagar (India) on 19 February 2020: Saker Falcon Global Action Plan. XV International Ornithological Conference of Northern Eurasia, dedicated to the memory of academician M.A. Menzbier, that was scheduled for November 2–7, 2020 in Minsk (Republic of Belarus), was postponed to August 23–28, 2021 to the Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk (Russia). Organising Committee of VIII International Conference on research and conservation of raptors in North Eurasia “Birds of Prey in Anthropogenic, Natural and Quasi-natural Landscapes: Modern Challenges and Trends” announced the postponement of the conference, which was scheduled for September 21–27, 2020, to September 2021. Annual Meeting of the Raptor Research Foundation and Neotropical Raptor Network will be hold in 8-14 October 2021, Boise, Idaho, USA – it was previously planned for October 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource хищные птицы, пернатые хищники Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Pernatye Hiŝniki i Ih Ohrana Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available LLC Sibecocenter Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Zoology, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/63aefa7bb07acbe3d5dbadac33684a20.pdf 42c80b8ae6bf776f023fa863fd4c6f24 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Analysis of Co-inhibitory Receptor Expression in COVID-19 Infection Compared to Acute Plasmodium falciparum Malaria: LAG-3 and TIM-3 Correlate With T Cell Activation and Course of Disease Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Julian Schulze zur Wiesch, Julian Schulze zur Wiesch, Thomas Jacobs, Melanie Wittner, Robin Woost, Nils H. Wildner, Melanie Wittner, Marissa Herrmann, Marissa Herrmann, Sophia Schulte, Thomas Theo Brehm, Thomas Theo Brehm, Michael Ramharter, Michael Ramharter, Michael Ramharter, Robin Woost, Ansgar W. Lohse, Ansgar W. Lohse Description An account of the resource Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is a severe flu-like illness which is associated with hyperinflammation and immune dysfunction. The virus induces a strong T and B cell response but little is known about the immune pathology of this viral infection. Acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria also causes acute clinical illness and is characterized by hyperinflammation due to the strong production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a massive activation of T cells. In malaria, T cells express a variety of co-inhibitory receptors which might be a consequence of their activation but also might limit their overwhelming function. Thus, T cells are implicated in protection as well as in pathology. The outcome of malaria is thought to be a consequence of the balance between co-activation and co-inhibition of T cells. Following the hypothesis that T cells in COVID-19 might have a similar, dual function, we comprehensively characterized the differentiation (CCR7, CD45RO) and activation status (HLA-DR, CD38, CD69, CD226), the co-expression of co-inhibitory molecules (PD1, TIM-3, LAG-3, BTLA, TIGIT), as well as the expression pattern of the transcription factors T-bet and eomes of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells of PBMC of n = 20 SARS-CoV-2 patients compared to n = 10 P. falciparum infected patients and n = 13 healthy controls. Overall, acute COVID-19 and malaria infection resulted in a comparably elevated activation and altered differentiation status of the CD8+ and CD4+ T cell populations. T effector cells of COVID-19 and malaria patients showed higher frequencies of the inhibitory receptors T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) and Lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3) which was linked to increased activation levels and an upregulation of the transcription factors T-bet and eomes. COVID-19 patients with a more severe disease course showed higher levels of LAG-3 and TIM-3 than patients with a mild disease course. During recovery, a rapid normalization of these inhibitory receptors could be observed. In summary, comparing the expression of different co-inhibitory molecules in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in COVID-19 vs. malaria, there is a transient increase of the expression of certain inhibitory receptors like LAG-3 and TIM-3 in COVID-19 in the overall context of acute immune activation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource covid-19, Malaria, SARS-CoV-2, T cells, pd-1, Plasmodium falciparum Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01870 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Epidemiology and Health Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Korean Society of Epidemiology Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Immunologic diseases. Allergy