1094 10 20655 https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/18252293b04d53efb9e75484c92d75c6.pdf 9be0b0f709cac53d4fdf9a19fcfd401c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Infection-Immunity Competition: A Simple Model for Illustrating the Background of Individual Response on Herd Immunity Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Johann Michael Köhler Description An account of the resource For achieving herd immunity, the proportion of individuals who are immunized, and the proportion of susceptible individuals are normally regarded as the key factors. Here, it is discussed that the immunity is not a yes/no decision in all cases, but a limited (relative) immunity should be kept in mind. This effect would cause a dependence of infection from the level of immunity and the strength of single-infection impact events (virus load). As a result, a stepwise enhancement of low-level immunity could be achieved in case of infection contacts at low concentrations of infectious particles. This behavior is probably important for airborne infection paths. Therefore, it might play a role in the case of the recent SARS (new coronavirus) pandemic and could have a strong effect on herd immunity. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource herd immunity, infection susceptibility, individual response, air born infection paths, corona pandemic, multi-step immunization Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.3390/app10093078 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Applied Sciences Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available MDPI AG Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Biology (General), Technology, Physics, Chemistry, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/fae92e54d0d46ed32c8eb404bba7fe54.pdf 5bbb61c17dcd196e6176ff3fc39ccf23 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Infection, Replication, and Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Alpacas Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Danielle R. Adney, Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Airn E. Hartwig, Richard A. Bowen Description An account of the resource Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus is a recently emerged pathogen associated with severe human disease. Zoonotic spillover from camels appears to play a major role in transmission. Because of logistic difficulties in working with dromedaries in containment, a more manageable animal model would be desirable. We report shedding and transmission of this virus in experimentally infected alpacas (n = 3) or those infected by contact (n = 3). Infectious virus was detected in all infected animals and in 2 of 3 in-contact animals. All alpacas seroconverted and were rechallenged 70 days after the original infection. Experimentally infected animals were protected against reinfection, and those infected by contact were partially protected. Necropsy specimens from immunologically naive animals (n = 3) obtained on day 5 postinfection showed virus in the upper respiratory tract. These data demonstrate efficient virus replication and animal-to-animal transmission and indicate that alpacas might be useful surrogates for camels in laboratory studies. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MERS-CoV, Viruses, experimental infection, replication, Transmission Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.3201/eid2206.160192 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Emerging Infectious Diseases Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/19303937eb128b18a53c2329cf56715a.pdf fb55514ab54dae9a0fab8c2393ad9293 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Infections in Children with Asthma Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Reza Farid Hossaini, Javad Ghaffari, Ali Reza Ranjbar, Mohammad Reza Haghshenas, Houshang Rafatpanah Description An account of the resource ABSTRACT Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory and complex disease in children with many contributing (including genetic and environmental) factors. This study aims to review the impact of infections in children with asthma. Different websites including Googlescholar, Yahoo, Pubmed, SID.IR, MAGIRAN, IRANDOC, IRANMEDEX ,Embase and Hand searching were searched for pertinent articles with keywords asthma, pediatric, infection, virus, bacteria, and fungus. Out of the results, full articles relevant to pediatric asthma were selected. Acute respiratory infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are involved in 5%-30% of wheezing events and asthma attacks. Viral infections were previously found in 24%-34% of asthmatic children, but technological advancements have revealed them to be present in 77%-81% of cases, with rhinovirus found in 47%, Respiratory Syncytial Virusin 21%, and the rest (including influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, coronavirus, and enterovirus) accounting for 2%-5% each. Viral respiratory infections are basically the major trigger for asthma symptoms and attacks in children. No causal relationship has been established between asthma and viruses and bacteria. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Subject The topic of the resource Child, Asthma, Viruses, Bacteria Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of Pediatrics Review Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Pediatrics Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/aaebf63a4f2dfc32dcf76b9549ece068.pdf 4e4c3e093b5f96aed51719c2a01b57ce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Infections with human coronaviruses NL63 and OC43 among hospitalised and outpatient individuals in São Paulo, Brazil Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tatiane Karen Cabeça, Emerson Carraro, Aripuanã Watanabe, Celso Granato, Nancy Bellei Description An account of the resource The incidence and clinical features of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) among Brazilian patients with respiratory illness are not well known. We investigated the prevalence of HCoVs among Brazilian outpatients and hospitalised patients with respiratory illnesses during 2009 and 2010. To identify the HCoVs, pancoronavirus and species-specific reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays were performed. Five of 394 samples were positive for HCoVs (1.2%): 1/182 (0.5%) outpatients and 4/212 (1.8%) hospitalised patients. The OC43 and NL63 HCoVs were identified. Two patients were admitted to the intensive care unit. Underlying chronic disease was reported in cases and one diabetic adult died. HCoVs can cause lower respiratory infections and hospitalisation. Patients with pre-existing conditions and respiratory infections should be evaluated for HCoV infections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Subject The topic of the resource human coronavirus OC43, human coronavirus NL63, Respiratory tract infections Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1590/S0074-02762012000500020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Microbiology Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/3b5e1a77a273768283e03ef224107baa.pdf bcf4a5288b4c0df1c6ee86ddcf343d25 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Infection in Chickens: Multiple System Disease with Immune Suppression Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem, Susan C. Cork, Shahnas M. Najimudeen, Mohamed S. H. Hassan Description An account of the resource In the early 1930s, infectious bronchitis (IB) was first characterized as a respiratory disease in young chickens; later, the disease was also described in older chickens. The etiology of IB was confirmed later as being due to a coronavirus: the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Being a coronavirus, IBV is subject to constant genome change due to mutation and recombination, with the consequence of changing clinical and pathological manifestations. The potential use of live attenuated vaccines for the control of IBV infection was demonstrated in the early 1950s, but vaccine breaks occurred due to the emergence of new IBV serotypes. Over the years, various IBV genotypes associated with reproductive, renal, gastrointestinal, muscular and immunosuppressive manifestations have emerged. IBV causes considerable economic impacts on global poultry production due to its pathogenesis involving multiple body systems and immune suppression; hence, there is a need to better understand the pathogenesis of infection and the immune response in order to help developing better management strategies. The evolution of new strains of IBV during the last nine decades against vaccine-induced immune response and changing clinical and pathological manifestations emphasize the necessity of the rational development of intervention strategies based on a thorough understanding of IBV interaction with the host. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource pathogenesis, Molecular Epidemiology, chicken, tissue tropism, infectious bronchitis coronavirus Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.3390/pathogens9100779 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Biotemas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medicine https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/6470746b17110f5145159adf0e1e6e3b.pdf 61ba31d6b743b2401efb18daf176027e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Infectious Bronchitis Virus as a Vector for the Expression of Heterologous Genes. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kirsten Bentley, María Armesto, Paul Britton Description An account of the resource The avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the causative agent of the respiratory disease infectious bronchitis of domestic fowl, and is controlled by routine vaccination. To explore the potential use of IBV as a vaccine vector a reverse genetics system was utilised to generate infectious recombinant IBVs (rIBVs) expressing the reporter genes enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) or humanised Renilla luciferase (hRluc). Infectious rIBVs were obtained following the replacement of Gene 5 or the intergenic region (IR) with eGFP or hRluc, or the replacement of ORFs 3a and 3b with hRluc. The replacement of Gene 5 with an IBV codon-optimised version of the hRluc gene also resulted in successful rescue of infectious rIBV. Reporter gene expression was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy, or luciferase activity assays, for all successfully rescued rIBVs following infection of primary chick kidney (CK) cells. The genetic stability of rIBVs was analysed by serial passage on CK cells. Recombinant IBV stability varied depending on the genome region being replaced, with the reporter genes maintained up to at least passage 8 (P8) following replacement of Gene 5, P7 for replacement of the IR and P5 for replacement of ORFs 3a and 3b. Codon-optimisation of the hRluc gene, when replacing Gene 5, resulted in an increase in genome stability, with hRluc expression stable up to P10 compared to P8 for standard hRluc. Repeated passaging of rIBVs expressing hRluc at an MOI of 0.01 demonstrated an increase in stability, with hRluc expression stable up to at least P12 following the replacement of Gene 5. This study has demonstrated that heterologous genes can be incorporated into, and expressed from a range of IBV genome locations and that replacement of accessory Gene 5 offers a promising target for realising the potential of IBV as a vaccine vector for other avian pathogens. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067875 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived PLoS ONE Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Public Library of Science (PLoS) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Science, Medicine Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/67dc57851bc076ce41c93ce1afba6a09.pdf d8c519a70bc538e8846d99677539c848 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Infectious Bronchitis Virus Nonstructural Protein 4 Alone Induces Membrane Pairing Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Helena J. Maier, Paul Verkade, Philippa C. Hawes, Jennifer Simpson, Benjamin W Neuman, Judith Mantell, Nicole Doyle, Hasan Alrashedi Description An account of the resource Positive-strand RNA viruses, such as coronaviruses, induce cellular membrane rearrangements during replication to form replication organelles allowing for efficient viral RNA synthesis. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a pathogenic avian Gammacoronavirus of significant importance to the global poultry industry, has been shown to induce the formation of double membrane vesicles (DMVs), zippered endoplasmic reticulum (zER) and tethered vesicles, known as spherules. These membrane rearrangements are virally induced; however, it remains unclear which viral proteins are responsible. In this study, membrane rearrangements induced when expressing viral non-structural proteins (nsps) from two different strains of IBV were compared. Three non-structural transmembrane proteins, nsp3, nsp4, and nsp6, were expressed in cells singularly or in combination and the effects on cellular membranes investigated using electron microscopy and electron tomography. In contrast to previously studied coronaviruses, IBV nsp4 alone is necessary and sufficient to induce membrane pairing; however, expression of the transmembrane proteins together was not sufficient to fully recapitulate DMVs. This indicates that although nsp4 is able to singularly induce membrane pairing, further viral or host factors are required in order to fully assemble IBV replicative structures. This study highlights further differences in the mechanism of membrane rearrangements between members of the coronavirus family. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Subject The topic of the resource coronavirus, NSP4, infectious bronchitis virus, nonstructural protein, electron tomography, nsP3, membrane rearrangements, paired membranes, zippered ER Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.3390/v10090477 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Viruses Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available MDPI AG Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Microbiology https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/8a71b141a38ac3070415a42f00bde6c6.pdf 85eb0f1aa1a8be076e9d43153a9ced22 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Infectious bronchitis virus: dominance of ArkDPI-type strains in the United States broiler industry during the last decade Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource H Toro Description An account of the resource In the United States, more than 90% of chicken meat is produced in the southeastern states, and most egg production resides in the eastern half of the country and Texas. Several molecular epidemiological studies have indicated that most infectious bronchitis (IB) virus (IBV) isolates obtained from outbreaks of respiratory disease in these regions correspond to Ark-type IBV in spite of extensive vaccination programs which include IBV ArkDPI-derived vaccines. Accumulating evidence suggests that Ark-type strains may have a distinct capacity to circumvent preventive measures. Two strategies by which Ark-type IBV strains may maintain a high prevalence in commercial chickens are: (1) Unusually high genetic and phenotypic variability, and (2) synergism with concurrent viral immunodeficiency. Support for the first strategy includes epidemiological findings showing continued isolations of Ark-like viruses from respiratory disease affecting flocks vaccinated with serotype-specific homologous (ArkDPI-derived) vaccines, experimental data demonstrating selection of new predominant phenotypes occurring rapidly after a single passage in the host, and recent findings indicating changes of the predominant IBV population occurring within the host during the invasion process. The second strategy is supported by epidemiological data indicating increased isolations of Ark-type IBV showing minor geno-/phenotypic variation occurring in chickens simultaneously affected by immunosuppressive viruses. In addition, experimental results have shown that viral immunodeficiency leads to more severe and prolonged IB signs and lesions, delayed and reduced specific antibody responses, and increased and persistent IBV shedding. Finally, accumulating evidence confirms high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in commercial ArkDPI-derived vaccines. The rapid selection of new predominant phenotypes occurring in these vaccines may be facilitating the emergence of Ark-like strains. Thus, improvement of Ark-type vaccines and prevention of viral immunodeficiency's seem to be essential for an effective control of the disease. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Subject The topic of the resource Ark, Arkansas, chicken, coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1590/S1516-635X2010000200002 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Fundação APINCO de Ciência e Tecnologia Avícolas Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Veterinary medicine, Zoology, Animal culture Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/c8a195c795d58f517ce29b0cdf3512d6.pdf f783a2eb8818226209dcc6efe5a629d3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Infectious Disease Management: Lessons from Cuba Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Noni E MacDonald, Enrique Beldarraín Chaple, Jeff Scott, Beth Halperin, John M Kirk Description An account of the resource Over the past decade in Canada, infectious disease outbreaks have repeatedly been in the public spotlight. The Escherichia coli outbreak in Walkerton, Ontario (1), the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Toronto, Ontario (2) and the Clostridium difficile hospital outbreak in Montreal, Quebec (3), have cost lives, grabbed headlines and stressed local health care systems. Each outbreak raised questions about our ability to prevent outbreaks, detect outbreaks early, and respond efficiently and effectively to infectious disease crises; these outbreaks also highlighted gaps in Canada's preparedness for managing major infectious disease problems when multiple jurisdictions are involved (4). Canada's poor track record of tuberculosis control in the north (5) raises the concern that this problem is not limited to crisis situations, but rather has deeper implications for the management of infectious diseases in Canada. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1155/2006/351919 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hindawi Limited Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Infectious and parasitic diseases, Microbiology https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/5c313b20373c70766113b814c517a142.pdf 9345e23482ada6111510329fad4a2df4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Infectious Disease Threats in the Twenty-First Century: Strengthening the Global Response Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource David E Bloom, Daniel Cadarette Description An account of the resource The world has developed an elaborate global health system as a bulwark against known and unknown infectious disease threats. The system consists of various formal and informal networks of organizations that serve different stakeholders; have varying goals, modalities, resources, and accountability; operate at different regional levels (i.e., local, national, regional, or global); and cut across the public, private-for-profit, and private-not-for-profit sectors. The evolving global health system has done much to protect and promote human health. However, the world continues to be confronted by longstanding, emerging, and reemerging infectious disease threats. These threats differ widely in terms of severity and probability. They also have varying consequences for morbidity and mortality, as well as for a complex set of social and economic outcomes. To various degrees, they are also amenable to alternative responses, ranging from clean water provision to regulation to biomedical countermeasures. Whether the global health system as currently constituted can provide effective protection against a dynamic array of infectious disease threats has been called into question by recent outbreaks of Ebola, Zika, dengue, Middle East respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and influenza and by the looming threat of rising antimicrobial resistance. The concern is magnified by rapid population growth in areas with weak health systems, urbanization, globalization, climate change, civil conflict, and the changing nature of pathogen transmission between human and animal populations. There is also potential for human-originated outbreaks emanating from laboratory accidents or intentional biological attacks. This paper discusses these issues, along with the need for a (possibly self-standing) multi-disciplinary Global Technical Council on Infectious Disease Threats to address emerging global challenges with regard to infectious disease and associated social and economic risks. This Council would strengthen the global health system by improving collaboration and coordination across organizations (e.g., the WHO, Gavi, CEPI, national centers for disease control, pharmaceutical manufacturers, etc.); filling in knowledge gaps with respect to (for example) infectious disease surveillance, research and development needs, financing models, supply chain logistics, and the social and economic impacts of potential threats; and making high-level, evidence-based recommendations for managing global risks associated with infectious disease. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Subject The topic of the resource global health, global health systems, infectious disease, Outbreak, epidemic, Pandemic Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00549 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frontiers in Immunology Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Frontiers Media S.A. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Immunologic diseases. Allergy Language A language of the resource EN