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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Inhibition of enterovirus 71 (EV-71) infections by a novel antiviral peptide derived from EV-71 capsid protein VP1.</text>
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                <text>Chee Wah Tan, Yoke-Fun Chan, Kooi Mow Sim, Eng Lee Tan, Chit Laa Poh</text>
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                <text>Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is the main causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). In recent years, EV-71 infections were reported to cause high fatalities and severe neurological complications in Asia. Currently, no effective antiviral or vaccine is available to treat or prevent EV-71 infection. In this study, we have discovered a synthetic peptide which could be developed as a potential antiviral for inhibition of EV-71. Ninety five synthetic peptides (15-mers) overlapping the entire EV-71 capsid protein, VP1, were chemically synthesized and tested for antiviral properties against EV-71 in human Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. One peptide, SP40, was found to significantly reduce cytopathic effects of all representative EV-71 strains from genotypes A, B and C tested, with IC(50) values ranging from 6-9.3 µM in RD cells. The in vitro inhibitory effect of SP40 exhibited a dose dependent concentration corresponding to a decrease in infectious viral particles, total viral RNA and the levels of VP1 protein. The antiviral activity of SP40 peptide was not restricted to a specific cell line as inhibition of EV-71 was observed in RD, HeLa, HT-29 and Vero cells. Besides inhibition of EV-71, it also had antiviral activities against CV-A16 and poliovirus type 1 in cell culture. Mechanism of action studies suggested that the SP40 peptide was not virucidal but was able to block viral attachment to the RD cells. Substitutions of arginine and lysine residues with alanine in the SP40 peptide at positions R3A, R4A, K5A and R13A were found to significantly decrease antiviral activities, implying the importance of positively charged amino acids for the antiviral activities. The data demonstrated the potential and feasibility of SP40 as a broad spectrum antiviral agent against EV-71.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034589</text>
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                <text>Inhibition of SARS Coronavirus Infection In Vitro with Clinically Approved Antiviral Drugs</text>
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                <text>Lawrence W. Stanton, Bing Lim, Eng Eong Ooi, Ai Ee Ling, Hwee Cheng Tan, Chin-Yo Lin, Emily L.C. Tan</text>
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                <text>Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious disease caused by a newly identified human coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Currently, no effective drug exists to treat SARS-CoV infection. In this study, we investigated whether a panel of commercially available antiviral drugs exhibit in vitro anti–SARS-CoV activity. A drug-screening assay that scores for virus-induced cytopathic effects on cultured cells was used. Tested were 19 clinically approved compounds from several major antiviral pharmacologic classes: nucleoside analogs, interferons, protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and neuraminidase inhibitors. Complete inhibition of cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV in culture was observed for interferon subtypes, β-1b, α-n1, α-n3, and human leukocyte interferon α. These findings support clinical testing of approved interferons for the treatment of SARS.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1004.030458</text>
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                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
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                <text>Inhibition of SARS pseudovirus cell entry by lactoferrin binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans.</text>
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                <text>Jianshe Lang, Ning Yang, Jiejie Deng, Kangtai Liu, Peng Yang, Guigen Zhang, Chengyu Jiang</text>
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                <text>It has been reported that lactoferrin (LF) participates in the host immune response against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) invasion by enhancing NK cell activity and stimulating neutrophil aggregation and adhesion. We further investigated the role of LF in the entry of SARS pseudovirus into HEK293E/ACE2-Myc cells. Our results reveal that LF inhibits SARS pseudovirus infection in a dose-dependent manner. Further analysis suggested that LF was able to block the binding of spike protein to host cells at 4°C, indicating that LF exerted its inhibitory function at the viral attachment stage. However, LF did not disrupt the interaction of spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the functional receptor of SARS-CoV. Previous studies have shown that LF colocalizes with the widely distributed cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Our experiments have also confirmed this conclusion. Treatment of the cells with heparinase or exogenous heparin prevented binding of spike protein to host cells and inhibited SARS pseudovirus infection, demonstrating that HSPGs provide the binding sites for SARS-CoV invasion at the early attachment phase. Taken together, our results suggest that, in addition to ACE2, HSPGs are essential cell-surface molecules involved in SARS-CoV cell entry. LF may play a protective role in host defense against SARS-CoV infection through binding to HSPGs and blocking the preliminary interaction between SARS-CoV and host cells. Our findings may provide further understanding of SARS-CoV pathogenesis and aid in treatment of this deadly disease.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023710</text>
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                <text>It has been reported that lactoferrin (LF) participates in the host immune response against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) invasion by enhancing NK cell activity and stimulating neutrophil aggregation and adhesion. We further investigated the role of LF in the entry of SARS pseudovirus into HEK293E/ACE2-Myc cells. Our results reveal that LF inhibits SARS pseudovirus infection in a dose-dependent manner. Further analysis suggested that LF was able to block the binding of spike protein to host cells at 4°C, indicating that LF exerted its inhibitory function at the viral attachment stage. However, LF did not disrupt the interaction of spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the functional receptor of SARS-CoV. Previous studies have shown that LF colocalizes with the widely distributed cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Our experiments have also confirmed this conclusion. Treatment of the cells with heparinase or exogenous heparin prevented binding of spike protein to host cells and inhibited SARS pseudovirus infection, demonstrating that HSPGs provide the binding sites for SARS-CoV invasion at the early attachment phase. Taken together, our results suggest that, in addition to ACE2, HSPGs are essential cell-surface molecules involved in SARS-CoV cell entry. LF may play a protective role in host defense against SARS-CoV infection through binding to HSPGs and blocking the preliminary interaction between SARS-CoV and host cells. Our findings may provide further understanding of SARS-CoV pathogenesis and aid in treatment of this deadly disease.</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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                <text>Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3C-like Protease Activity by Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3)</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="4433">
                <text>Chia-Nan Chen, Coney P. C. Lin, Kuo-Kuei Huang, Wei-Cheng Chen, Hsin-Pang Hsieh, Po-Huang Liang, John T.-A. Hsu</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>SARS-CoV is the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).  The virally encoded 3C-like protease (3CLPro) has been presumed critical for the viral replication of SARS-CoV in infected host cells.  In this study, we screened a natural product library consisting of 720 compounds for inhibitory activity against 3CLPro.  Two compounds in the library were found to be inhibitive: tannic acid (IC50 = 3 µM) and 3-isotheaflavin-3-gallate (TF2B) (IC50 = 7 µM).  These two compounds belong to a group of natural polyphenols found in tea.  We further investigated the 3CLPro-inhibitory activity of extracts from several different types of teas, including green tea, oolong tea, Puer tea and black tea.  Our results indicated that extracts from Puer and black tea were more potent than that from green or oolong teas in their inhibitory activities against 3CLPro.  Several other known compositions in teas were also evaluated for their activities in inhibiting 3CLPro.  We found that caffeine, (—)-epigallocatechin gallte (EGCg), epicatechin (EC), theophylline (TP), catechin (C), epicatechin gallate (ECg) and epigallocatechin (EGC) did not inhibit 3CLPro activity.  Only theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TF3) was found to be a 3CLPro inhibitor.  This study has resulted in the identification of new compounds that are effective 3CLPro inhibitors.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2005</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh081</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Hindawi Limited</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Other systems of medicine</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3CL Mpro by Natural and Synthetic Inhibitors: Potential Implication for Vaccine Production Against COVID-19</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Anwar Ullah, Kifayat Ullah</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>COVID-19 has created a pandemic situation all over the world. It has spread in nearly every continent. Researchers all over the world are trying to produce an effective vaccine against this virus, however; no specific treatment for COVID-19 has been discovered -so far. The current work describes the inhibition study of the SARS-CoV-2 main proteinase or 3CL Mpro by natural and synthetic inhibitors, which include 2S albumin and flocculating protein from Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) and Suramin. Molecular Docking study was carried out using the programs like AutoDock 4.0, HADDOCK2.4, patchdock, pardock, and firedock. The global binding energy of Suramin, 2S albumin, and flocculating proteins were −41.96, −9.12, and −14.78 kJ/mol, respectively. The docking analysis indicates that all three inhibitors bind at the junction of domains II and III. The catalytic function of 3CL Mpro is dependent on its dimeric form, and the flexibility of domain III is considered important for this dimerization. Our study showed that all three inhibitors reduce this flexibility and restrict their motion. The decrease in flexibility of domain III was further confirmed by analysis coming from Molecular dynamic simulation. The analysis results indicate that the temperature B-factor of the enzyme decreases tremendously when the inhibitors bind to it. This study will further explore the possibility of producing an effective treatment against COVID-19.</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2021</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, inhibition, Suramin, 2S albumin, main proteinase or 3CL Mpro</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>10.3389/fmolb.2021.640819</text>
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                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="78390">
                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Biology (General)</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="62806">
                <text>Inhibitors of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme or Blockers of Angiotensin-2 Receptor in COVID-19 Patients with Comorbid Cardiovascular or Pulmonary Diseases</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="62807">
                <text>Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi, Farid Rahimi</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Following the skyrocketing spread of SARS-CoV-2 into almost all the countries over five continents, diverse clinical strategies are urgently needed to defeat its pandemic, considering that an magic-bullet antiviral vaccine or treatment is presently unavailable. WHO later proclaimed the viral outbreak as a pandemic. Despite this fast speed of the pandemic, any recommended treatment must first pass initial clinical and para-clinical testing. Antiviral therapy, immunotherapy, and application of prophylactic vaccines are recommended in the management of this pandemic, but no definitive intervention has been validated to treat the COVID-19 patients. Whether SARS-CoV-2 infection can directly affect the cardiovascular system is unknown. Furthermore, other pathogenic mechanisms underlying this viral infection are largely unclear. Thus, it is risky to administer any intervention in emergency treatment of the vulnerable patients with comorbid CVDs. Conclusively, while we lack evidence-based facts to confirm a significant association between the poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients and high expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, administering any new treatment in CVD patients should be done prudently.</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2020</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>covid-19, Pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, cardiovascular disease, Gastrointestinal conditions, chronic pulmonary disease</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="62811">
                <text>Research in Molecular Medicine</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="62812">
                <text>Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Medicine (General)</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Iniciativas de flexibilidad en la evaluación oficial de sistemas de Seguridad Alimentaria en el sector minorista de la Comunidad de Madrid</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Mª del Rosario  Redondo Sobrado, Carlos Celaya Carrillo, Silvia Campos Rodríguez, Mª del Carmen Martín Ávila, Emma Sánchez Pérez</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Comunidad de Madrid, evaluación oficial, flexibilidad, sector minorista, sistema appcc</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="179422">
                <text>10.36300/remasp.2020.054</text>
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                <text>Revista Madrileña de Salud Pública</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>Dirección General de Salud Pública. Consejería de Sanidad. Comunidad de Madrid</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Public aspects of medicine</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://remasp.es/article/view/1856" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://remasp.es/article/view/1856&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Inicio de una nueva epidemia, SARS</text>
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                <text>Luis Thompson</text>
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                <text>DOI: </text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="6077">
                <text>Revista Médica Herediana</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia</text>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Inicios de la microbiología enológica gallega</text>
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                <text>Alfonso V. Carrascosa</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Se cumplen 70 años de la creación del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), donde se llevó a cabo la institucionalización de la ecología y se dio un fuerte impulso a la investigación en microbiología y biotecnología. Es poco conocido que parte de este esfuerzo fue finalmente aplicado a la enología, cristalizando en la Teoría Ecológica del Vino. Los primeros estudios científicos de microbiología enológica gallega fueron realizados en el Departamento de Microbiología del Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales del CSIC (IFI-CSIC) en la década de los 70, y formaron parte de las evidencias que sirvieron para establecer dicha teoría. Instalaciones inadecuadas, unidas al empleo masivo de fungicidas y sulfuroso como antisépticos, fueron identificados como posibles causas de los problemas detectados durante el estudio de la vinificación. Finalmente se recomendaría como idóneo para salvaguardar el tipismo de los vinos gallegos, y reducir al mínimo el empleo de dióxido de azufre, la inoculación secuencial de los mostos con las levaduras que fueron aisladas en el estudio y que todavía se conservan en el IFI-CSIC. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de esos estudios, sus consecuencias, y la situación en la que se encontraba la microbiología enológica española en esos momentos.</text>
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                <text>2010</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>CSIC, Galicia, microbiologia enológica, teoría ecológica del vino</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>10.3989/ceg.2010.v57.i123.85</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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                <text>Cuadernos de Estudios Gallegos</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="201693">
                <text>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>History of Spain</text>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="201695">
                <text>&lt;a href="http://estudiosgallegos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgallegos/article/view/85" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://estudiosgallegos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgallegos/article/view/85&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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