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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Insights on early mutational events in SARS-CoV-2 virus reveal founder effects across geographical regions</text>
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                <text>Here we aim to describe early mutational events across samples from publicly available SARS-CoV-2 sequences from the sequence read archive and GenBank repositories. Up until 27 March 2020, we downloaded 50 illumina datasets, mostly from China, USA (WA State) and Australia (VIC). A total of 30 datasets (60%) contain at least a single founder mutation and most of the variants are missense (over 63%). Five-point mutations with clonal (founder) effect were found in USA next-generation sequencing samples. Sequencing samples from North America in GenBank (22 April 2020) present this signature with up to 39% allele frequencies among samples (n = 1,359). Australian variant signatures were more diverse than USA samples, but still, clonal events were found in these samples. Mutations in the helicase, encoded by the ORF1ab gene in SARS-CoV-2 were predominant, among others, suggesting that these regions are actively evolving. Finally, we firmly urge that primer sets for diagnosis be carefully designed, since rapidly occurring variants would affect the performance of the reverse transcribed quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) based viral testing.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9255</text>
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                <text>Insignificant Impact of the “Stay-At-Home” Order on Ambient Air Quality in the Memphis Metropolitan Area, U.S.A.</text>
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                <text>The lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic have been reported to reduce ambient air pollution in many cities globally. This study aims to examine whether air pollution dropped in Memphis, a typical U.S. metropolitan city and transportation hub, during the lockdown from 25 March to 4 May, 2020. Daily air pollution data measured at five representative monitoring stations in the Memphis Metropolitan Area were downloaded from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Air Quality System. The mean concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone during the lockdown were compared with the baseline concentrations measured during the same periods in 2017–2019 using linear regression models. The average vehicle miles traveled (VMT) reduced by 57% in this region during the lockdown compared to that during 1–24 March, 2020. The mean (± standard deviation) concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and ozone were 7.5 ± 2.6 μg/m3, 16.5 ± 9.4 ppb, and 44.5 ± 8.4 ppb, respectively, during the lockdown. They did not statistically differ from the baseline concentrations, nor were they lower than the mean concentrations in the prior month (25 February–24 March, 2020), after accounting for meteorological conditions. The lack of effect could be explained by the small contribution of traffic emissions to air pollution. The results suggest that the “stay-at-home” order had an insignificant impact on reducing air pollution in Memphis.</text>
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                <text>The lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic have been reported to reduce ambient air pollution in many cities globally. This study aims to examine whether air pollution dropped in Memphis, a typical U.S. metropolitan city and transportation hub, during the lockdown from 25 March to 4 May, 2020. Daily air pollution data measured at five representative monitoring stations in the Memphis Metropolitan Area were downloaded from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Air Quality System. The mean concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone during the lockdown were compared with the baseline concentrations measured during the same periods in 2017–2019 using linear regression models. The average vehicle miles traveled (VMT) reduced by 57% in this region during the lockdown compared to that during 1–24 March, 2020. The mean (± standard deviation) concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and ozone were 7.5 ± 2.6 μg/m3, 16.5 ± 9.4 ppb, and 44.5 ± 8.4 ppb, respectively, during the lockdown. They did not statistically differ from the baseline concentrations, nor were they lower than the mean concentrations in the prior month (25 February–24 March, 2020), after accounting for meteorological conditions. The lack of effect could be explained by the small contribution of traffic emissions to air pollution. The results suggest that the “stay-at-home” order had an insignificant impact on reducing air pollution in Memphis.</text>
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                <text>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 virus that was first reported in December 2019 and was announced as a pandemic disease on March 11th, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) warning (1). SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact, accordingly, requires treatment in isolation. It has been reported that many patients developed sleep disturbances due to isolation treatment or medication use, which can lead to pathological events and impaired immunity, and need to prescribe hypnotic medications (2). Also, some patients may have taken hypnotic medications before developing COVID-19 and may be dependent on these medications, and now, with the onset of COVID-19 and the addition of new drugs for its treatment, they need to change their hypnotic medications.</text>
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                <text>The article considers institutional responses to the challenges created by COVID-19 pandemic. The comparison of discrete structural alternatives is one of the most important principles of institutional analysis. It means that policymakers and researchers rely on a countable set of legal options in the course of comparison of different institutions designed to solve one or another problem. COVID-19 pandemic provoked the elaboration of “intermediate” normative solutions, thus changing the legal framework and leading to the formation of the short-term “institutional continuum” instead of the established spectrum of alternatives.</text>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                <text>INSTITUTIONAL FOOD MARKET OPERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE VALE DO RIO PARDO-RS</text>
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                <text>Cidonea Machado Deponti, Antônio Carlos Gomes</text>
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                <text>This study aims to analyze the operation of institutional food market in the context of Vale do Rio Pardo, through a case study of the Cooperativa Leoboqueirense de Agricultores Familiares - COOPERLAF. The starting point is the consolidated and predominant presence of the tobacco supply chain in this region, which involves consider the institutional food market (through the PAA and the PNAE) as a concrete possibility of productive diversification of family farming. It appears that the inclusion of family farmers in institutional food market through COOPERLAF is enabling the opening of new sales channels and income generation, reducing the dependency level in relation to tobacco production. Thus, from a conceptual perspective of repeasantization, it is suggested that the SAN public policies represent the opportunity for an endogenous regional development and, therefore, sustainable, in the Vale do Rio Pardo, based on the value of family farming as healthy food producers.</text>
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                <text>Agricultura Familiar. Mercado Institucional de Alimentos. Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Vale do Rio Pardo recampesinização</text>
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                <text>10.17058/redes.v20i3.6522</text>
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                <text>Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul</text>
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                <text>Social Sciences, Social sciences (General), Human ecology. Anthropogeography</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/redes/article/view/6522" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/redes/article/view/6522&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Institutional food procurement programmes and producer organizations: catalysts for the transformation of small-scale producers’ food supply systems</text>
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                <text>Luana F.J. Swensson</text>
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                <text>Smallholder farmers are the main food producers in most of the developing world but their capacity to access the market is often limited, and this constitutes one of the main constraints on the improvement of their livelihoods in many developing countries. In this context, state intervention to increase demand for smallholders’ production through public procurement can be an important instrument to promote marketing opportunities for these producers while also contributing to the development and transformation of local small-scale producers’ food supply systems. Producer Organization (POs) may play an important role in this process. This paper builds on the experience of Brazil’s ongoing National School Feeding Programme (PNAE), its public Food Purchase Programme (PAA), and the Purchase for Progress (P4P) pilot initiative of the United Nations World Food Programme. It aims to explore the roles of Institutional Food Procurement Programmes (IFPPs) and POs in promoting marketing opportunities to smallholders or family farming producers and in acting as catalysts for the transformation of small-scale producers’ food supply systems.</text>
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                <text>Agricultura familiar. Mercados institucionais. Desenvolvimento rural</text>
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                <text>10.17058/redes.v24i1.13041</text>
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                <text>Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul</text>
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                <text>Social Sciences, Social sciences (General), Human ecology. Anthropogeography</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/redes/article/view/13041" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/redes/article/view/13041&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>INSTITUTIONS AS A LETHAL WEAPON: THE CASE OF SLOVENIA IN THE FIRST WAVE OF THE COVID-19 EPIDEMIC</text>
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                <text>The Covid-19 epidemic has most affected old people, not those who live at home – but those in old age homes. In Slovenia, as many as four-fifths of those deceased in the epidemic were residents of these institutions. The analysis shows that the essential moment of infection is institutionality, not age, that it is in this sense almost an institutional epidemic. The make-up of total institutions presents a significantly higher risk of transmission of infection – due to increased human concentration and increased frequency of contacts, but also because of the institutional structure and ethos, which objectify residents and deprive residents of the power of action. The deceased residents can be seen as (passive) victims not only of the virus, but also of the institutional nature of the organisation of care (prevailing in Slovenia). This was neglected in the debate so far, the measures introduced did not allow transfer to community care, which would provide residents with the level of safety comparable to the population at large, such services allowing a greater degree of self-isolation and control of contacts.The deceased residents are victims of a delay in deinstitutionalisation and in introduction of a potent, community based long-term care. These are the pressing tasks for the future, if we are to ensure at least safety for old people, and with it a life worth living.</text>
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                <text>coronavirus, long-term care, deinstitutionalisation, Total institutions, old age homes</text>
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                <text>doi.org/10.37509/socpol20160108f</text>
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                <text>Revija za socijalna politika</text>
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                <text>Faculty of Philosophy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje</text>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Instrumental agrícola y fuerza de tracción en la Galicia medieval (siglos IX-XIV). Una primera aproximación</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="210548">
                <text>José Antonio López Sabatel</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="210549">
                <text>Este estudio pretende rescatar de las fuentes medievales una perspectiva panorámica durante la Alta y Plena Edad Media del utillaje agrícola empleado diariamente por el campesinado gallego. Una línea de investigación en el seno de la Historia Agraria que, desafortunadamente, no ha gozado en estos últimos años de mucho interés por parte de la historiografía. Con el fin de paliar esta circunstancia, se ha procedido a examinar fuentes escritas y materiales para establecer un nexo temporal entre las primeras menciones concernientes al instrumental agrario y sus referencias para el siglo catorce, periodo este a partir del cual las mismas empiezan a ser más abundantes en todos los contextos. Sin embargo, este trabajo ha estado, de algún modo, limitado por la escasez de hallazgos arqueológicos y de representaciones iconográficas. En este punto, se debe subrayar, que la presencia en este artículo de utillaje agrícola se debe exclusivamente a su aparición en los registros documentales. Es por ello que, muchos aperos que debieron ser de empleo recurrente en el campo gallego, han tenido que ser excluidos. De aquellos que, en mayor o menor medida, tuvieron su espacio en las fuentes, se ha procurado determinar su tipología y función, dividiéndolos entre los diseñados para cortar o labrar. El apartado final de este estudio se ha dedicado a la importancia dada al acceso a la fuerza de tracción animal y al arado en la diversificación socioeconómica del campesinado.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2021</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>10.14198/medieval.18836</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="210552">
                <text>Anales de la Universidad de Alicante. Historia Medieval</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="210553">
                <text>Universidad de Alicante</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Medieval history</text>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="210555">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://revistes.ua.es/medieval/article/view/18836" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://revistes.ua.es/medieval/article/view/18836&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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