Transcriptome analysis of the fungal pathogen Rosellinia necatrix during infection of a susceptible avocado rootstock identifies potential mechanisms of pathogenesis
Persea americana, Virulence, ascomycete, effectors, white root rot
Abstract Background White root rot disease caused by Rosellinia necatrix is one of the most important threats affecting avocado productivity in tropical and subtropical climates. Control of this disease is complex and nowadays, lies in the use of physical and chemical methods, although none have proven to be fully effective. Detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying white root rot disease has the potential of aiding future developments in disease resistance and management. In this regard, this study used RNA-Seq technology to compare the transcriptomic profiles of R. necatrix during infection of susceptible avocado ‘Dusa’ roots with that obtained from the fungus cultured in rich medium. Results The transcriptomes from three biological replicates of R. necatrix colonizing avocado roots (RGA) and R. necatrix growing on potato dextrose agar media (RGPDA) were analyzed using Illumina sequencing. A total of 12,104 transcripts were obtained, among which 1937 were differentially expressed genes (DEG), 137 exclusively expressed in RGA and 160 in RGPDA. During the root infection process, genes involved in the production of fungal toxins, detoxification and transport of toxic compounds, hormone biosynthesis, gene silencing and plant cell wall degradation were overexpressed. Interestingly, 24 out of the 137 contigs expressed only during R. necatrix growth on avocado roots, were predicted as candidate effector proteins (CEP) with a probability above 60%. The PHI (Pathogen Host Interaction) database revealed that three of the R. necatrix CEP showed homology with previously annotated effectors, already proven experimentally via pathogen-host interaction. Conclusions The analysis of the full-length transcriptome of R. necatrix during the infection process is suggesting that the success of this fungus to infect roots of diverse crops might be attributed to the production of different compounds which, singly or in combination, interfere with defense or signaling mechanisms shared among distinct plant families. The transcriptome analysis of R. necatrix during the infection process provides useful information and facilitates further research to a more in -depth understanding of the biology and virulence of this emergent pathogen. In turn, this will make possible to evolve novel strategies for white root rot management in avocado.
A. Zumaquero, S. Kanematsu, H. Nakayashiki, A. Matas, E. Martínez-Ferri, A. Barceló-Muñóz, F. Pliego-Alfaro, C. López-Herrera, F. M. Cazorla, C. Pliego
Las garrapatas de la familia Argasidae y de los géneros Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Ixodes y Rhipicephalus (Ixodidae) de la Argentina: Distribución y hospedadores
Vertebrados, fitogeografia, garrapatas argentinas, rango
Se analizaron las especies de garrapatas de las familias Argasidae eIxodidae, con excepción del género Amblyomma, en relación con lafitogeografía de la Argentina. Se determinaron 3 especies de Argas, 3 deOrnithodoros y 1 de Otobius para Argasidae, pero se presume que Argasminiatus está también establecido. Un total de 14 especies de Ixodidaeestán representadas en el país para el conjunto de los génerosDermacentor (1 especie), Haemaphysalis (2 especies), Ixodes (9 especies)y Rhipicephalus (2 especies). La mayoría de taxones (15) se determinópara el dominio del Chaco, 4 exclusivos de este dominio, seguidopor el dominio Amazónico (10 especies, 2 exclusivas) y el Andino-Patagónico, con 8 taxones (3 exclusivos). Nueve especies fueron determinadassobre el hombre y 9 sobre animales domésticos, indicando la conveniencia de impulsar estudios sobre su ecología y potencial para transmitirenfermedades.
RIA: Revista Investigaciones Agropecuarias
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=86434209
Las garrapatas argentinas del género Amblyomma (ACARI: IXODIDAE): distribución y hospedadores
Se analizaron las especies de garrapatas del género Amblyomma en relacióna las áreas fitogeográficas argentinas donde fueron colectados losespecímenes y al rango de hospedadores. Se determinó un total de 22 especiescon una mayoría en el dominio del Chaco (17 especies, 8 exclusivas), seguido porel dominio Amazónico (13 especies, 5 exclusivas) y el Andino-Patagónico (3 especies).Diez especies fueron asociadas al hombre, 13 sobre animales domésticos yotras sobre una gran variedad de animales silvestres. Considerando este ampliorango de hospedadores, sería conveniente estudiar su ecología y potencial paratransmitir enfermedades.
http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=86435310
PERFIL ACTUAL DEL AGRICULTOR ECOLÓGICO EN LA COMARCA DEL ALTO GUADALENTÍN (MURCIA)
Dentro de la Comunidad de Murcia, la Comarca del Alto Guadalentín representa el 7,01% del total de la superficie murciana dedicada a agricultura ecológica. En este trabajo se analiza el perfil del agricultor ecológico en la Comarca del Alto Guadalentín para ello se realizaron encuestas al 74,03% de los agricultores de la zona, según los datos obtenidos del Consejo Agricultura Ecológica de la Región de Murcia. Los resultados obtenidos revelan que casi el 50% de los agricultores de la Comarca del Alto Guadalentín se inició como agricultor ecológico mediante un cambio del sistema de agricultura convencional hacia la agricultura ecológica, siendo el factor económico con casi el 57% uno de los principales motivos para pasar de un tipo de agricultura a otro. Por otro lado, el mayor porcentaje de los agricultores ecológicos del Alto Guadalentín (35%) se encuentran en un intervalo de edad entre 46 y 55 años. El 28% tienen entre 36 y 45 años y casi el 25% tienen una edad superior a 56 años. Solamente el 12,28% de los agricultores de la Comarca tienen edades inferiores a los 36 años. El 87% de los agricultores del Alto Guadalentín no pertenecen a ningún tipo de asociación.
A.B. Pérez, M.C. Martínez, J.M. Valverde, M.T. Pretel
Coronavirus infection, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pathogenesis, immune response, Angiotensin converting enzyme-2
Based on the literature, the article presents modern data on the main pathogenetic features of coronavirus infection associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which caused a pandemic, according to the World Health Organization definition, in 2019. The literature review details the processes of SARS-CoV-2 binding to a human cell receptor that express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as well as the internalization, replication of the virus, and the release of new virions from an infected cell, which affect target organs (lungs, digestive tract, heart, central nervous system and kidneys) and induce the development of local and systemic inflammatory respon­ses. Existing methods of drug exposure that prevent human infection with SARS-CoV-2 are described. The main epidemiological moments of infection with SARS-CoV-2 were identified, indica­ting a predominant damage in the elderly and more often males due to the higher level of expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, mostly in alveolocytes, than in females. The mechanisms of the development of the response of the innate and adaptive immune systems of a macroorganism to infection with SARS-CoV-2 are demonstrated. Therapeutic strategies are presented that are related to the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on various stages of vital activity: internalization — the use of soluble S-protein domains, antibodies against S-protein, single-chain variable fragment of antibodies to ACE2 or inhibition of glycosylation of cell receptors, blocking the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 S-protein with ACE2 protein and suppression of internalization of the virus by administration of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine; replication — inhibition of a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the use of favipiravir, a non-nucleoside antiviral drug triazavirin, antiretroviral drugs (lopinavir in combination with ritonavir), nelfinavir, ribavirin, halidesivir, umifenovir, inhibitors of chymotrypsin-like protease (cinancerin, flavonoids) and papain-like protease. The above therapeutic me­thods in the near future will be aimed at preventing the development and treatment of both acute respiratory distress syndrome and conditions caused by damage to other targeted organs with COVID-19.
A.E. Abaturov, E.A. Agafonova, E.L. Krivusha, A.A. Nikulina
Água salina e biofertilizante bovino na produção de frutos e alocação de biomassa em noni (Morinda citrifolia L.)
Morinda citrifolia, Salinidade, esterco bovino líquido
RESUMO:Têm sido evidenciado que os compostos orgânicos exercem ação mitigadora dos efeitos tóxicos dos sais às plantas, promovendo maior crescimento e desenvolvimento em solos com excesso de sais. Nessa direção, um experimento foi desenvolvido para avaliar os efeitos do biofertilizante bovino na produção de frutos e alocação de biomassa pelos diversos órgãos de plantas de noni, irrigadas com águas salinas. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e duas plantas por parcela, adotando o arranjo fatorial 5 x 2, correspondente a salinidade das águas de irrigação de 0,5; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0 dS m-1, em substratos sem e com biofertilizante bovino, aplicado uma única vez, em volume correspondente a 10% do volume do substrato, um dia antes da instalação do experimento. As variáveis avaliadas foram: salinidade do solo, expressa pela condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação do solo; número de frutos; massa média de fruto; produção de frutos por planta; e alocação de biomassa pelas raízes, caules, folhas e frutos. O aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação elevou o caráter salino do solo desde 'não salino' para 'fortemente salino' e, inibiu a produção de frutos e a acumulação de biomassa seca das plantas de noni em geral, mas, com maior intensidade nos tratamentos sem o insumo orgânico. O biofertilizante estimula o crescimento e a produção de plantas de noni cultivadas sob irrigação com águas de alta salinidade.
A.G.L. SOUTO, L.F. CAVALCANTE, B.L.M.T. DINIZ, F.O. MESQUITA, J.A.M. NASCIMENTO, A.J. LIMA NETO
Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais
Mapping of crop calendar events by object-based analysis of MODIS and ASTER images
Cultivos de regadío, Curvas de ajuste, Series temporales de NDVI, TIMESAT, eCognition developer
A method to generate crop calendar and phenology-related maps at a parcel level of four major irrigated crops (rice, maize, sunflower and tomato) is shown. The method combines images from the ASTER and MODIS sensors in an object-based image analysis framework, as well as testing of three different fitting curves by using the TIMESAT software. Averaged estimation of calendar dates were 85%, from 92% in the estimation of emergence and harvest dates in rice to 69% in the case of harvest date in tomato.
A.I. De Castro, R.E. Plant, J. Six, J.M. Peña
http://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/raet/article/view/2307
The effect of the lateral interactions on the critical behavior of long straight rigid rods on two-dimensional lattices
Using Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling analysis, the critical behavior of attractive rigid rods of length $k$ ($k$-mers) on square lattices at intermediate density has been studied. A nematic phase, characterized by a big domain of parallel $k$-mers, was found. This ordered phase is separated from the isotropic state by a continuous transition occurring at a intermediate density $heta_c$, which increases linearly with the magnitude of the lateral interactions.
A.J. Ramirez-Pastor, D. H. Linares, P. Longone
Event based surveillance of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS- CoV) in Bangladesh among pilgrims and travelers from the Middle East: An update for the period 2013-2016.
Every year around 150,000 pilgrims from Bangladesh perform Umrah and Hajj. Emergence and continuous reporting of MERS-CoV infection in Saudi Arabia emphasize the need for surveillance of MERS-CoV in returning pilgrims or travelers from the Middle East and capacity building of health care providers for disease containment. The Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control & Research (IEDCR) under the Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family welfare (MoHFW), is responsible for MERS-CoV screening of pilgrims/ travelers returning from the Middle East with respiratory illness as part of its outbreak investigation and surveillance activities.Bangladeshi travelers/pilgrims who returned from the Middle East and presented with fever and respiratory symptoms were studied over the period from October 2013 to June 2016. Patients with respiratory symptoms that fulfilled the WHO MERS-CoV case algorithm were tested for MERS-CoV and other respiratory tract viruses. Beside surveillance, case recognition training was conducted at multiple levels of health care facilities across the country in support of early detection and containment of the disease.Eighty one suspected cases tested by real time PCR resulted in zero detection of MERS-CoV infection. Viral etiology detected in 29.6% of the cases was predominantly influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2), and influenza B infection (22%). Peak testing occurred mostly following the annual Hajj season.Respiratory tract infections in travelers/pilgrims returning to Bangladesh from the Middle East are mainly due to influenza A and influenza B. Though MERS-CoV was not detected in the 81 patients tested, continuous screening and surveillance are essential for early detection of MERS-CoV infection and other respiratory pathogens to prevent transmissions in hospital settings and within communities. Awareness building among healthcare providers will help identify suspected cases.
A.K.M. Muraduzzaman, Manjur Hossain Khan, Rezina Parveen, Sharmin Sultana, Ahmed Nawsher Alam, Arifa Akram, Mahmudur Rahman, Tahmina Shirin
Tracking viral particles in the intestinal contents of the American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, by Transmission Electron Microscopy
anfíbios, herpesvírus, coronavirus, paramixovírus, parvovirus
Feces are an important viral agent elimination route for infected carrier animals and in aquatic organisms these pathogenic agents can very rapidly propagate due to the habitation environment. The objective of this work is to track viral particles in the intestinal contents of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from five commercial frog farms in the region of Vale do Paraíba, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, using negative contrast transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Coronaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae and Herpesviridae families were observed and photographed in specimens. This work emphasizes the importance of adopting sanitary measures in commercial farms and confirms that observing feces by TEM is an efficient and rapid diagnostic tool for detecting viral agents.
A.M. Antonucci, M.H. Catroxo, M. Hipolito, R.M. Takemoto, N.A. Melo, F.M. França, P. C. Teixeira, C.M. Ferreira
Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia