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                <text>Keeping the Fire House Running: A Proposed Approach to Mitigate Spread of COVID-19 Among Public Safety Personnel</text>
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                <text>Robert J. Katzer</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2020.3.47298</text>
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                <text>Western Journal of Emergency Medicine</text>
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                <text>Medicine, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>A Critical Analysis of Corona Related Data: What the More Reliable Data Can Imply for Western-Europe</text>
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                <text>Robert J. Meier</text>
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                <text>We present a less common type of discussion about COVID-19 data, beginning with the observation that the number of people reported deceased following COVID-19 infection is currently the most reliable dataset to be used. When the available real-life data are visualized for a number of European countries, they reveal the commonly seen exponential increase, though with different absolute rates, and over time different periods. More interesting information is obtained upon inspection of the daily increments in deaths. These curves look very similar to those for China, and seem to indicate that in European countries that have imposed more strict human–human contact measures, in particular Italy and Spain, where we have seen a decrease in daily deaths since early April, it is to be expected it will take 40–50 days from the end of March until this number has fallen to negligible levels. Taking the initial increase in the number of deaths for Germany, and combining this with typical values for the mortality reported in the literature and the published number of daily contacts for the working population, we calculated an initial increase in infections of 20 per day by a single infected person with an average human–human contact number of 22, decreasing to 5.5 after the first 10 days. The high number at the outset is likely related to outbreaks in a high local concentration of people.</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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                <text>similarity, coronavirus 19, CoV-19, critical data analysis</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3390/app10103398</text>
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                <text>Applied Sciences</text>
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                <text>MDPI AG</text>
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                <text>Biology (General), Technology, Physics, Chemistry, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>At “half mask” or “nose commando:” A note demonstrating nasal breaths can spread microorganisms when improperly wearing a mask during COVID-19</text>
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                <text>Robert J. Wolff</text>
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                <text>Many individuals are wearing face masks improperly at ‘half mask’ and potentially breathing out microbes that can contaminate the air as well as anything below the nose. This note provides the first report that bacteria and fungi breathed out during nasal air exhalation are able to be cultured after landing on blood agar plates. The CFU’s are higher after both 10 breaths and extremely significant for 20 breaths compared to the control plates exposed to the air. Implications of this finding are that going ‘nose commando’ may be able to continue the spread of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19. Minute bioaerosols carrying bacteria may be designated as microsnot.</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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                <text>covid-19, facemask, PPE, bioaerosols, Hygiene behavior, Nasal Breath, microsnot</text>
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                <text>10.4081/mm.2020.9375</text>
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                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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                <text>Microbiology</text>
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                <text>Robert Kubina, Arkadiusz Dziedzic</text>
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                <text>Validated and accurate laboratory testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a crucial part of the timely management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease, supporting the clinical decision-making process for infection control at the healthcare level and detecting asymptomatic cases. This would facilitate an appropriate treatment, a prompt isolation and consequently deceleration of the pandemic. Various laboratory tests can identify the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 in specimens, or specific anti-viral antibodies in blood/serum. Due to the current pandemic situation, a development of point-of-care diagnostics (POCD) allows us to substantially accelerate taking clinical decisions and implement strategic planning at the national level of preventative measures. This review summarizes and compares the available POCD and those currently under development, including quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), serology immunoassays (SIAs) and protein microarray method (PMM) designed for standard and rapid COVID-19 diagnosis.</text>
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                <text>covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, RT-qPCR, in vitro diagnostic tests, serology immunoassays</text>
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                <text>10.3390/diagnostics10060434</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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                <text>Medicine (General)</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Coping With the COVID-19 Pandemic: Examining Gender Differences in Stress and Mental Health Among University Students</text>
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                <text>Robert L. Gabrys, Alfonso Abizaid, Rebecca Prowse, Frances Sherratt, Kim G. C. Hellemans, Zachary R. Patterson, Robyn J. McQuaid, Robyn J. McQuaid, Robyn J. McQuaid</text>
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                <text>The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a wide variety of unprecedented challenges, many of which appear to be disproportionately affecting the mental health and well-being of young adults. While there is evidence to suggest university students experience high rates of mental health disorders, less is known about the specific impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on student mental health and how they are coping with this stress. To address this gap, we conducted an online study among undergraduate students (n = 366) to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on academics, social isolation, and mental health, as well as the extent to which they have been implementing a variety of coping strategies. The pandemic had a more pronounced negative effect on female students' academics, social isolation, stress and mental health compared to male counterparts. Moreover, for females, frequent use of social media as a coping mechanism was associated with greater perceived negative impacts on their academic performance and stress levels, compared to males. However, frequent social media use related to similar negative mental health effects for both males and females. While male and female students both reported using substances to cope, for males the use of cannabis was associated with greater negative impacts on academic outcomes, stress and mental health compared to females. These findings highlight the need for adequate student support services across the post-secondary sector, and point to the importance of gender informed interventions to address the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.</text>
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                <text>The current COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a global health emergency of unprecedented magnitude. Most governments around the world have enforced isolation strategies in an effort to curb the spread of the virus and, in so doing, they have hopefully afforded hospitals much needed time to prepare for the high patient influx (Sarto et al., 2020). These confinement strategies have also had a profound impact on the majority of athletes, restricting their movement and limiting, or prohibiting, their access to training facilities. Suddenly, athletes are no longer able to follow their normal training schedules and major sport events have been cancelled or postponed.  Although the decreased training load during the initial weeks of lockdown may have had a positive super-compensation and recovery effect, the long-term effects of detraining are detrimental to the training status of elite athletes (Coyle et al., 1984). Mujika and Padilla (2000), for example, reported a decrease of 4 to 14%  on the VO2max within 4 weeks of training cessation. This reduction is explained by a substantial drop of 5 to 12% in blood volume (Coyle et al., 1986; Houmard et al., 1992) which results in an increase of  5 to 10% in the submaximal heart rate (Mujika &amp; Padilla, 2000). At a functional level, a reduction of 9 to 25% is observed on time to exhaustion in elite athletes (Houmard et al., 1992; Houston et al., 1979). Additionally, detraining has a negative impact on muscle activity and the motion range of joints (Houmard et al., 1992; Mujika &amp; Padilla, 2000) and athletes, which can result loss efficiency and fine motor tuning which can lead to small decrements in technique. Last, but certainly not least, isolation and the absence of normal training habits, along with the cancellation or postponement of major events and competitions could adversely affect mental health and well-being (Mann et al., 2020). Most athletes focus their energy on peaking at a specific major event, such as the Olympics. The sudden enforcement of training restrictions, together with the re-scheduling of competitions and countries’ dyssynchronous return to sport could jeopardise athletes’ mental well-being. In this uncertain climate the coach and sports psychologist play an important role - new training goals need to be set, even if there is no clear indication as to when sport events will commence.  These new circumstances have resulted in athletes employing technology and online platforms to maintain some training fitness levels stimulus. Although it is impossible to replicate normal training sessions for a full 100% , however, some athletes have profited from indoor cycling, the use of a treadmill, body weight routines, exercise videos or simulators. In addition, these online platforms have also enabled athletes to besides racing and competing against each other also socialise with team-mates and colleagues. Government policies regulating the duration of isolation periods and how strictly these are enforced differ substantially. In Europe, for example, the implementation of lockdown policies have varied from: very strict (Spain and Italy), to less strict (Netherlands), to almost non-existent (Sweden). This situation has resulted in unequal training opportunities with some athletes using training facilities as per usual whilst others are not even allowed to leave their homes. Furthermore, different timing restrictions have exacerbated these training inequalities. China, for instance, has lifted almost all restrictions and Europe is slowly easing up on its lockdown measures. Africa and South America, on the other hand, have yet to reach the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. These differences in timing and training opportunities have seriously affected athletes’ preparation for international events such as the Vuelta a España, athletics Diamond league and swimming world championships. The pandemic is more or less under control in Europe and ‘normal’ training and professional sport events are slowly commencing. Certain sports have already restarted (e.g. several soccer leagues including the Bundesliga and La Liga) and other federations (e.g. cycling and Formula 1) are in the process of, or have already, announced adapted racing calendars for the remainder of the 2020 season. The limited time available and multitude organisers who still wanting to host races have resulted in racing calendars becoming very full and cluttered. This situation, combined with athletes’ poor preparation and eagerness to prove themselves for the 2021 season, might increase the risk of a second epidemy for athletes and coaches as well as an elevated injury rate and highly fatigued athletes. In our opinion, coaches and sports scientists should therefore: 1) closely monitor athletes, especially when they start competing again; 2) asses and evaluate the injury risk of each athlete before he/she returns to play or train; 3) design comprehensive training programmes which include endurance and strength components as well as technical and tactical skills training; 4) be selective in choosing events from the competitive calendar; and 5) adopt a flexible training and preparation approach, because as long as a vaccine has been found and administered to most of us, the future will remain unpredictable. However, and besides all these challenges and uncertainties, we are happy to see the world of elite sports starting up again.</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Shift work is associated with positive COVID-19 status in hospitalised patients.</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59374">
                <text>Robert Maidstone, Simon G Anderson, David W Ray, Martin K Rutter, Hannah J Durrington, John F Blaikley</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Shift work is associated with lung disease and infections. We therefore investigated the impact of shift work on significant COVID-19 illness. 501 000 UK Biobank participants were linked to secondary care SARS-CoV-2 PCR results from Public Health England. Healthcare worker occupational testing and those without an occupational history were excluded from analysis. Multivariate logistic regression (age, sex, ethnicity and deprivation index) revealed that irregular shift work (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.92 to 3.05), permanent shift work (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.95 to 3.19), day shift work (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.6), irregular night shift work (OR 3.04, 95% CI 2.37 to 3.9) and permanent night shift work (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.67 to 3.7) were all associated with positive COVID-19 tests compared with participants that did not perform shift work. This relationship persisted after adding sleep duration, chronotype, premorbid disease, body mass index, alcohol and smoking to the model. The effects of workplace were controlled for in three ways: (1) by adding in work factors (proximity to a colleague combined with estimated disease exposure) to the multivariate model or (2) comparing participants within each job sector (non-essential, essential and healthcare) and (3) comparing shift work and non-shift working colleagues. In all cases, shift work was significantly associated with COVID-19. In 2017, 120 307 UK Biobank participants had their occupational history reprofiled. Using this updated occupational data shift work remained associated with COVID-19 (OR 4.48 (95% CI 1.8 to 11.18). Shift work is associated with a higher likelihood of in-hospital COVID-19 positivity. This risk could potentially be mitigated via additional workplace precautions or vaccination.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2021</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59377">
                <text>Infection control, covid-19, respiratory infection, viral infection, occupational lung disease</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59378">
                <text>10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216651</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="59379">
                <text>Thorax</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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