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                <text>Yoshitomo Saita</text>
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                <text>Acquisition of cell-cell fusion activity by amino acid substitutions in spike protein determines the infectivity of a coronavirus in cultured cells.</text>
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                <text>Yoshiyuki Yamada, Xiao-bo Liu, Shou Guo Fang, Felicia P L Tay, Ding Xiang Liu</text>
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                <text>Coronavirus host and cell specificities are determined by specific interactions between the viral spike (S) protein and host cell receptor(s). Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis (IBV) has been adapted to embryonated chicken eggs, primary chicken kidney (CK) cells, monkey kidney cell line Vero, and other human and animal cells. Here we report that acquisition of the cell-cell fusion activity by amino acid mutations in the S protein determines the infectivity of IBV in cultured cells. Expression of S protein derived from Vero- and CK-adapted strains showed efficient induction of membrane fusion. However, expression of S protein cloned from the third passage of IBV in chicken embryo (EP3) did not show apparent syncytia formation. By construction of chimeric S constructs and site-directed mutagenesis, a point mutation (L857-F) at amino acid position 857 in the heptad repeat 1 region of S protein was shown to be responsible for its acquisition of the cell-cell fusion activity. Furthermore, a G405-D point mutation in the S1 domain, which was acquired during further propagation of Vero-adapted IBV in Vero cells, could enhance the cell-cell fusion activity of the protein. Re-introduction of L857 back to the S gene of Vero-adapted IBV allowed recovery of variants that contain the introduced L857. However, compensatory mutations in S1 and some distant regions of S2 were required for restoration of the cell-cell fusion activity of S protein carrying L857 and for the infectivity of the recovered variants in cultured cells. This study demonstrates that acquisition of the cell-cell fusion activity in S protein determines the selection and/or adaptation of a coronavirus from chicken embryo to cultured cells of human and animal origins.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006130</text>
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                <text>PLoS ONE</text>
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                <text>A Comprehensive Review of Common Bacterial, Parasitic and Viral Zoonoses at the Human-Animal Interface in Egypt</text>
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                <text>Yosra A. Helmy, Hosny El-Adawy, Elsayed  M. Abdelwhab</text>
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                <text>Egypt has a unique geographical location connecting the three old-world continents Africa, Asia and Europe. It is the country with the highest population density in the Middle East, Northern Africa and the Mediterranean basin. This review summarizes the prevalence, reservoirs, sources of human infection and control regimes of common bacterial, parasitic and viral zoonoses in animals and humans in Egypt. There is a gap of knowledge conerning the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases at the human-animal interface in different localities in Egypt. Some zoonotic agents are “exotic” for Egypt (e.g., MERS-CoV and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus), others are endemic (e.g., Brucellosis, Schistosomiasis and Avian influenza). Transboundary transmission of emerging pathogens from and to Egypt occurred via different routes, mainly importation/exportation of apparently healthy animals or migratory birds. Control of the infectious agents and multidrug resistant bacteria in the veterinary sector is on the frontline for infection control in humans. The implementation of control programs significantly decreased the prevalence of some zoonoses, such as schistosomiasis and fascioliasis, in some localities within the country. Sustainable awareness, education and training targeting groups at high risk (veterinarians, farmers, abattoir workers, nurses, etc.) are important to lessen the burden of zoonotic diseases among Egyptians. There is an urgent need for collaborative surveillance and intervention plans for the control of these diseases in Egypt.</text>
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                <text>2017</text>
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                <text>Zoonotic diseases, Egypt, influenza, MERS-CoV, rabies, cryptosporidiosis, fascioliasis, Campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, Middle East</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6030033</text>
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                <text>Pathogens</text>
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                <text>The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control</text>
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                <text>Yosra A. Helmy, Mohamed Fawzy, Ahmed Elaswad, Ahmed Sobieh, Scott  P Kenney, Awad A. Shehata</text>
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                <text>A pneumonia outbreak with unknown etiology was reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019, associated with the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. The causative agent of the outbreak was identified by the WHO as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), producing the disease named coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The virus is closely related (96.3%) to bat coronavirus RaTG13, based on phylogenetic analysis. Human-to-human transmission has been confirmed even from asymptomatic carriers. The virus has spread to at least 200 countries, and more than 1,700,000 confirmed cases and 111,600 deaths have been recorded, with massive global increases in the number of cases daily. Therefore, the WHO has declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The disease is characterized by fever, dry cough, and chest pain with pneumonia in severe cases. In the beginning, the world public health authorities tried to eradicate the disease in China through quarantine but are now transitioning to prevention strategies worldwide to delay its spread. To date, there are no available vaccines or specific therapeutic drugs to treat the virus. There are many knowledge gaps about the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, leading to misinformation. Therefore, in this review, we provide recent information about the COVID-19 pandemic. This review also provides insights for the control of pathogenic infections in humans such as SARS-CoV-2 infection and future spillovers.</text>
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                <text>SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, One Health, Genetics, Epidemiology, control</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041225</text>
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                <text>Journal of Clinical Medicine</text>
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                <text>Este trabajo se realizó en una Cooperativa Agropecuaria perteneciente a una Empresa Pecuaria de la provincia Granma, Cuba,empleando como método de investigación la recopilación de datos estadísticos relacionados con el plan de producción para la época deprimavera, tomando como referencia los meses de abril hasta agosto del 2004. En el mismo se determinó el cumplimiento del plan de producción,así como la utilización de la tracción animal y los factores que influyeron en su empleo, demostrando que no se logra cumplir el plan de producciónpor parte de la entidad, la tracción animal no se emplea adecuadamente, pues solamente se utiliza al 21,42 %. Dentro de los factores queincidieron de manera desfavorable podemos citar: el organizativo y la disponibilidad de los medios de trabajo</text>
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                <text>Agriculture, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering</text>
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                <text>Vaccine</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Clinical course and predictors of 60-day mortality in 239 critically ill patients with COVID-19: a multicenter retrospective study from Wuhan, China</text>
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                <text>You Shang, Yuan Yu, Dan Xu, Xiaobo Yang, Jiqian Xu, Yongran Wu, Yaqi Ouyang, Shiying Yuan, Luyu Yang, Xiaojing Zou, Yaxin Wang, Ting Zhou, Yin Yuan, Hong Qi, Shouzhi Fu, Hong Liu, Jia’an Xia, Zhengqin Xu, Ruiting Li, Rui Wang, Lehao Ren, Yingying Hu, Xin Zhao, Dingyu Zhang</text>
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                <text>Abstract Background The global numbers of confirmed cases and deceased critically ill patients with COVID-19 are increasing. However, the clinical course, and the 60-day mortality and its predictors in critically ill patients have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study is to identify the clinical course, and 60-day mortality and its predictors in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods Critically ill adult patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) from 3 hospitals in Wuhan, China, were included. Data on demographic information, preexisting comorbidities, laboratory findings at ICU admission, treatments, clinical outcomes, and results of SARS-CoV-2 RNA tests and of serum SARS-CoV-2 IgM were collected including the duration between symptom onset and negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Results Of 1748 patients with COVID-19, 239 (13.7%) critically ill patients were included. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in 164 (68.6%) patients, coagulopathy in 150 (62.7%) patients, acute cardiac injury in 103 (43.1%) patients, and acute kidney injury (AKI) in 119 (49.8%) patients, which occurred 15.5 days, 17 days, 18.5 days, and 19 days after the symptom onset, respectively. The median duration of the negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was 30 (range 6–81) days in 49 critically ill survivors that were identified. A total of 147 (61.5%) patients deceased by 60 days after ICU admission. The median duration between ICU admission and decease was 12 (range 3–36). Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis revealed that age older than 65 years, thrombocytopenia at ICU admission, ARDS, and AKI independently predicted the 60-day mortality. Conclusions Severe complications are common and the 60-day mortality of critically ill patients with COVID-19 is considerably high. The duration of the negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and its association with the severity of critically ill patients with COVID-19 should be seriously considered and further studied.</text>
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                <text>mortality, covid-19, acute kidney injury, Thrombocytopenia, Acute respiratory syndrome</text>
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                <text>10.1186/s13054-020-03098-9</text>
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                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid</text>
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                <text>Critically ill SARS-CoV-2-infected patients are not stratified as sepsis by the qSOFA</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="28990">
                <text>Youenn Jouan, Antoine Guillon, Pierre-François Dequin, Marion Ferreira, Timothee Blin, Nived Collercandy, Piotr Szychowiak</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00664-w</text>
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                <text>Annals of Intensive Care</text>
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                <text>SpringerOpen</text>
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                <text>Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid</text>
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                <text>Younchan Jung, Ronnel Agulto</text>
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                <text>The world is developing an app that alerts my smartphone when a COVID-19 (COrona VIrus Disease 19) confirmed case comes near me. However, regardless of what will be put to practical use first, the COVID-19 tracking system should satisfy the issues of legalization of location tracking and scalability as a public platform used by the world. Additional problems need solutions related to real-time authentication for information gathering, blind naming and privacy of tracked persons, and quality of service on the Query/Reply procedure. This paper proposes the Software-Defined Networking Controller-centric global public platform to monitor and track information for the COVID-19 relevant people and provide real-time information disclosure services to world-wide Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) and regular users. The CDC manages a list of people who needs to be monitored related to the COVID-19 and forcibly installs COVID-19 virtual Internet of Things (vIoT) nodes in the form of applications on their smartphones. In addition to these nodes, the vIoT support nodes also engage as information providers to improve the quality of information services. The design of our platform aims to ensure confidentiality and authentication services giving individually different secret keys. In addition, our platform meets system scalability and reduces Query/Reply latency, where the platform accommodates a large number of world-wide CDCs and persons in control per CDC.</text>
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                <text>10.3390/electronics10010012</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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                <text>Point-of-Care Diagnostic Tests for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Real-World Data</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="84553">
                <text>Younes Ben Said, Natalia  Valeryevna Pyatigorskaya, Nicola  Luigi Bragazzi, Matteo Riccò, Pietro Ferraro, Giovanni Gualerzi, Silvia Ranzieri, Brandon  Michael Henry, Elena Nevolina, Jianhong Wu, Carlo Signorelli</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="84554">
                <text>SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for a highly contagious infection, known as COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 was discovered in late December 2019 and, since then, has become a global pandemic. Timely and accurate COVID-19 laboratory testing is an essential step in the management of the COVID-19 outbreak. To date, assays based on the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in respiratory samples are the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis. Unfortunately, RT-PCR has several practical limitations. Consequently, alternative diagnostic methods are urgently required, both for alleviating the pressure on laboratories and healthcare facilities and for expanding testing capacity to enable large-scale screening and ensure a timely therapeutic intervention. To date, few studies have been conducted concerning the potential utilization of rapid testing for COVID-19, with some conflicting results. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken to explore the feasibility of rapid diagnostic tests in the management of the COVID-19 outbreak. Based on ten studies, we computed a pooled sensitivity of 64.8% (95%CI 54.5–74.0), and specificity of 98.0% (95%CI 95.8–99.0), with high heterogeneity and risk of reporting bias. We can conclude that: (1) rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 are necessary, but should be adequately sensitive and specific; (2) few studies have been carried out to date; (3) the studies included are characterized by low numbers and low sample power, and (4) in light of these results, the use of available tests is currently questionable for clinical purposes and cannot substitute other more reliable molecular tests, such as assays based on RT-PCR.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="84555">
                <text>2020</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="84556">
                <text>covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, point-of-care diagnostics, rapid testing, real world data, Systematic review and meta-analysis</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="84557">
                <text>10.3390/jcm9051515</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="84558">
                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="84559">
                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="84560">
                <text>Medicine</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
