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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                <text>ESTUDIO DE DOS TRATAMIENTOS A ESCALA PILOTO PARA LA BIODEGRADACIÓN DE SUELOS CONTAMINADOS POR HIDROCARBUROS POR EL MÉTODO DE LANDFARMING</text>
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                <text>Marcelo Fabián Cabrera Jara, Lucia Montenegro</text>
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                <text>Resumen: Los derrames de petróleo en el Ecuador han ocurrido desde el momento de su extracción, a partir de los años 30. A lo largo del tiempo se han dado varios incidentes con la exploración, explotación, transporte y manejo del petróleo y sus derivados; en el 2004 se reportó el mayor número de derrames, 178 en total. Dada esta problemática ambiental se ha desarrollado el presente proyecto, en Incinerox (planta Shushufindi), a fin de analizar dos procedimientos a escala piloto para la biodegradación en suelos contaminados por hidrocarburos mediante el método de landfarming. Para esto se dispuso de un terreno de 200 m2 dividido en dos partes donde se construyó dos cubetos de aproximadamente 20,0 m de largo, 2,5 m de ancho y 0,5 m de profundidad; a cada cubeto se le denominó hilera A y B. En estas hileras se desarrollaron los dos procedimientos: uno con el uso de bacterias comerciales (AWT – B350) destinadas para la hilera A, y otro con la estimulación de bacterias nativas para la hilera B. Para el primer caso, se siguieron las instrucciones de uso especificadas en la ficha técnica AWT, mientras que para el segundo caso se añadió: 4,2 % de cascarilla de arroz, 0,8 % de estiércol de ganado y 900 kg de abono orgánico elaborado con cascarilla de arroz y estiércol de ganado en una relación 2:1. La tierra contaminada tuvo una concentración de hidrocarburos totales de petróleo (TPH) de 16230 ppm y se trató 10,20 y 12,70 toneladas de tierra en las hileras A y B, respectivamente. La biodegradación duró cuatro meses y durante este tiempo se monitorearon parámetros indispensables para la biodegradación, los cuales estuvieron dentro de los valores recomendados por Eweis et al. (1999). El pH del suelo estuvo entre 7,21 y 7,90, la temperatura ambiente entre 22 y 40 °C, la humedad relativa entre 20 y 98 %, la humedad del suelo entre 14,90 y 31,83 %, la concentración de microorganismos presentes en la tierra entre 4,03E+05 y 8,52E+05 ufc/g y la concentración de nutrientes (relación nitrógeno-fósforo-potasio óptima de 30,00:6,03:25,33. Además, se monitorearon las concentraciones de los contaminantes en el suelo, las mismas que cumplieron con la reglamentación que exige el RAOHE para uso industrial. En la hilera A se obtuvieron concentraciones de 3170 ppm de TPH, 0,433 ppm de cadmio, 17,0 ppm de níquel y 6,51 ppm de plomo; mientras que en la hilera B se obtuvieron concentraciones de 3736 ppm de TPH, 0,608 ppm de cadmio, 16,1 ppm de níquel y 11,80 ppm de plomo. Las bacterias que degradaron los hidrocarburos en los suelos contaminados fueron de los siguientes tipos: Pseudomonas fluorescens y Bacillus cereus. La disposición final que se dio para los suelos tratados fue de base para construcciones que se efectúan en INCINEROX. Por su parte, como consecuencia del proceso, se recolectaron 1325,10 litros de lixiviados de la hilera A con una concentración de TPH de 1,0 mg/L, mientras que para la hilera B se recolectaron 830,03 litros de lixiviados con una concentración de TPH de 0,4 mg/L. Con ello se dispuso que los lixiviados generados sean utilizados como material de construcción dentro de la empresa INCINEROX. El proceso desarrollado en la hilera A tuvo una inversión inicial de $ 17885,10, mientras que la inversión en la hilera B fue de $ 20738,31. Para ambos casos, se consideró un precio para el proceso de biodegradación de $ 1,00 por kg de suelo a tratar para cada uno de los métodos antes mencionados con base en la inversión total generada. Con esto se obtuvo una tasa interna de retorno del 23,51% con una utilidad neta en operaciones de $ 6448,11 en 5 años en la hilera A; y una tasa interna de retorno del 12,27% con una utilidad neta en operaciones de $ 5791,42 en 5 años en la hilera B.     Abstract: Oil spills in Ecuador have occurred since the time of his removal from the 30s. Over time there have been several incidents with the exploration, exploitation, transport and oil or its derivatives handling; in 2004 it was reported the largest number of spills, 178 in total. Given this environmental problems has been developed the present draft, in Incinerox (Shushufindi), in order to analyze two procedures to pilot scale for the biodegradation in soil contaminated by hydrocarbons through the landfarming method.There was a field of 200 m2 divided in two parts where it was built two rows of approximately 20.0 m long, 2.5 m wide and 0.5 m depth; each one was called A row and B row . In these rows it developed the two procedures: one with the use of commercial bacteria (AWT - B350) designed to the A row, and another with the stimulation of native bacteria on the B row. In the first case, we followed the instructions of use specified in the AWT technical sheet, whereas in the second case was added: 4.2 per cent of rice husks, 0.8 % of livestock manure and 900 kg of compost prepared with rice husks and livestock manure in a ratio 2:1. The contaminated land had a initial concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) of 16230 ppm and we treatment 10.20 and 12.70 tons of land on A and B rows, respectively.The biodegradation lasted four months and during this time were monitored parameters essential to biodegradation, which were within the recommended values by Eweis et al. (1999). The land`s pH was between 7.21 to 7.90 , the ambient temperature between 22 to 40 °C, the relative humidity between 20 to 98 %, the land`s moisture between 14.90 to 31.83 %, the concentration of microorganisms present in the soil between 4.03 and 8.52 E+05 E+05cfu/g and the concentration of nutrients (nitrogenphosphorus-potassium) optimal 30.00:6.03:25.33. In addition, was evaluated the principal contaminants concentrations of the soil, the same that met the regulations requiring the RAOHE for industrial use. In the A row were obtained at concentrations of 3170 ppm TPH, cadmium 0.433 ppm, nickel 17.0 ppm and lead 6.51 ppm; while on the B row concentrations were obtained from 3736 ppm TPH, cadmium 0.608 ppm, nickel 16.1 ppm and lead 11.80 ppm. The bacteria that demeaned the hydrocarbons in the contaminated soils were of the following types: Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus cereus.The final arrangement was given to the treated soils was basis for constructions that are carried out in INCINEROX. As a result of the process, we collected 1325.10 liters of leachates from the A row with 1.0 mg/L of TPH, whereas for the B row were collected 830.03 liters of leachates with 0.4 mg/L of TPH. With The leachates generated are used as construction material within the INCINEROX Company.The process developed in the A row to had an initial investment of $ 17885.10 , while the investment in the B row was $20738.31 . For both cases, it was considered a price for the biodegradation process of $ 1.00 per each kilogram of trat soil to each of the above-mentioned methods based on the total investment generated. Was obtained 23.51 % to economic rate of return with a net profit from operations of $ 6448.11 in 5 years in A row; and 12.27 % economic rate of return with a net profit in operations of $ 791.42 5 in 5 years in B row.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="213003">
                <text>2014</text>
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                <text>Revista Politécnica</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN)</text>
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                <text>Science (General), Technology (General)</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://revistapolitecnica.epn.edu.ec/ojs2/index.php/revista_politecnica2/article/view/320" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://revistapolitecnica.epn.edu.ec/ojs2/index.php/revista_politecnica2/article/view/320&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="88122">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Phenolic profile of grapevine cv. Tempranillo skins is affected by timing and severity of early defoliation</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="212991">
                <text>Daniel Moreno, Diego S. Intrigliolo, Mar Vilanova, Juan R. Castel, Esther Gamero, Esperanza Valdés</text>
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                <text>Aim of study: To investigate the effects of three early leaf removal treatments on the phenolic compounds of cv. ‘Tempranillo’ (Vitis vinifera L.) grape skins.  Area of study: The experiment was conducted in a vineyard located in Requena, Valencia (South-eastern Spain) over two consecutive seasons.  Materials and methods: Four treatments were investigated over two seasons in drip-irrigated vines: Control (C), non-defoliated and three defoliation treatment, applied at different phenological stages and intensities where all leaves from the first 6 nodes were eliminated just before flowering (ED) and at fruitset (LD). The fourth defoliation treatment was performed at the same time of ED but only the leaves facing east of the eight first nodes were removed (EED). At harvest, thirty-eight phenolic compounds were quantified by HPLC in the grape skins, including anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids and their tartaric derivatives.  Main results: A general increase of the skin phenolic compounds concentration was found in response to the defoliation treatments. The largest and more significant effects were observed for LD in 2009 with relative increases with respect to the un-defoliated vines of 14.8, 86.0, 119.0, and 75.9% for anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols and hydroxycinnamates, respectively. On the other hand, EED did not clearly modify any polyphenolic compound. In addition, the response of phenolic families analyzed to defoliation treatments was different. Malvidine derivatives were not altered by any of the treatments, while the contents of quercetin and kaempferol derivatives and ferulic and coumaric acids, increased in both years when LD was applied.  Research highlights: The defoliation effects on specific phenolic substances were dependent on timing, severity, and the season. Skin phenolic compounds increase in response to defoliation treatments and flavonols and hydroxycinnamates were the most affected families.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="212993">
                <text>2021</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212994">
                <text>Anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="212995">
                <text>10.5424/sjar/2021193-17089</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="212996">
                <text>Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="212997">
                <text>Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Agriculture</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="212999">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://revistas.inia.es/index.php/sjar/article/view/17089" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://revistas.inia.es/index.php/sjar/article/view/17089&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="212980">
                <text>Qualidade de tomates de mesa cultivados em sistema orgânico e convencional no estado de Goiás</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="212981">
                <text>Márcio Caliari, Manoel S. Soares Júnior, Abadia dos R Nascimento, Paulo M Fernandes, Janaína PM Rodrigues, Webber T de Carvalho</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>A agricultura orgânica é um método de cultivo que visa o estabelecimento de sistemas agrícolas ecologicamente equilibrados e estáveis, economicamente produtivos e de elevada eficiência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características físicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais de cultivares de tomate de mesa cultivados em sistema orgânico e convencional. Dois experimentos foram realizados; no primeiro dez cultivares foram plantadas em sistema orgânico e os frutos em estádio de maturação 3 (quando apresentavam 60 a 90% na coloração róseo-vermelha ou vermelha da casca) foram avaliados quanto às características físicas e sensoriais, e a polpa (mesocarpo) em relação às características físico-químicas. No segundo, a cultivar Débora produzida nos sistemas orgânico e convencional foi comparada quanto às mesmas características. Os maiores teores de sólidos solúveis (SS) foram observados nas cultivares Milenium, Andréia e Tathy 1, seguidas pelas cultivares Giovanna 1, Colibri, Débora, Setcopa e Bonus 1. Os menores valores de acidez total (AT) foram verificados nas cultivares Colibri, Andréa, Tathy 1, Débora e Setcopa, que não diferiram entre si (p&gt;0,05) e também não diferiram das cultivares Bônus-1 e Stillus. As cultivares Andréa e Tathy 1 apresentaram as maiores relações SS/AT, não diferindo (p&gt;0,05) das cultivares Débora, Setcopa e Colibri. A cultivar Débora, cultivada no sistema orgânico, foi a mais preferida em relação aos atributos textura (maciez), cor externa e interna, além de apresentar a menor acidez, maior relação SS/AT e densidade. Conclui-se que mais se destacaram ao nível das necessidades do produtor (maior massa e densidade) as cultivares Setcopa, Milenium, Giovanna 1, Stillus, Thaty 1 e Colibri, enquanto que para o consumidor, cuja necessidade esta mais voltada aos aspectos sensoriais e físico-químicos (cor, aroma, sabor, textura, sólidos solúveis e acidez), destacaram-se as cultivares Débora, Bônus-1, Andréa, Setcopa, Stillus, Thaty 1 e Colibri. A cultivar Débora obteve menor massa, volume e diâmetro longitudinal quando cultivada em sistema orgânico, assim como maior teor de sólidos solúveis e menor acidez, que refletiu em maior aceitação quanto ao aroma, sabor e textura pelos consumidores.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="212983">
                <text>2013</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212984">
                <text>Agricultura orgânica, Cultivar, Solanum lycopersicon, análise físico-química, análise sensorial</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="212985">
                <text>10.1590/S0102-05362013000400020</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="212986">
                <text>Horticultura Brasileira</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212987">
                <text>Associação Brasileira de Olericultura</text>
              </elementText>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Plant culture</text>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.scielo.br/pdf/hb/v31n4/20.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://www.scielo.br/pdf/hb/v31n4/20.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Adubação fosfatada com torta de filtro, fosfato natural e biofertilizantes em ultisol (argissolo)</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212972">
                <text>Leónides Castellanos González, Ely Nahas, Renato de Mello Prado, Gustavo Caione, Alfredo Reyes Hernández, Leandro Rosatto Moda, Enrique Parets Selva</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212973">
                <text>O uso de biofertilizante combinado com composto orgânico e fontes naturais de fósforo pode resultar em maior eficiência da adubação. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da torta de filtro associada com fosfato natural de rocha e biofertilizantes, sobre a população de microrganismos do solo, os teores de fósforo no solo, nas plantas e a produção de matéria seca da cultura do milho. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação utilizando-se milho cultivar DKB 390 VTPRO II, cultivado em vasos de 5 dm³ contendo Ultisol (Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico). Avaliaram-se sete tratamentos, sendo: controle (somente o solo); solo adicionado de fosfato de rocha (FR); torta de filtro; FR e torta de filtro; FR, torta de filtro e Biopack Sc®; FR, torta de filtro e Embrafós: FF organic Plus® e; FR, torta de filtro e Azotofos. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Avaliaram-se a altura de plantas, diâmetro do colmo, número de folhas por planta, massa seca das plantas, populações dos microrganismos no solo e o teor de fósforo do solo e nas plantas. Os solos com torta de filtro, fosfato natural e biofertilizantes apresentaram maior população de bactérias totais; porém, não aumentaram a massa seca, o teor de fósforo no solo e o acúmulo de fósforo na parte aérea das plantas quando comparado somente ao uso da torta de filtro e fosfato natural. A torta de filtro na adubação promoveu maior teor de fósforo no solo e acúmulo pelas plantas, maior crescimento das plantas e maior população microbiana do solo, em relação aos tratamentos com ausência de torta.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212974">
                <text>2018</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212975">
                <text>Microrganismos, adubação organo-mineral, fósforo, zea mays</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212976">
                <text>Ciencia del Suelo</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212977">
                <text>Asociación Argentina de la Ciencia del Suelo</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212978">
                <text>Agriculture (General), Plant culture</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212979">
                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/cds/v36n1/v36n1a11.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/cds/v36n1/v36n1a11.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="88121">
                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="88122">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
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      </elementSetContainer>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Efeito de espécies vegetais em bordadura em cebola sobre a densidade populacional de tripes e sirfídeos predadores</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212962">
                <text>Paulo Antonio de Souza Gonçalves, Carlos Roberto Sousa e Silva</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212963">
                <text>Analisou-se a relação entre o efeito do plantio de diferentes espécies vegetais, em bordadura, na cultura da cebola, Allium cepa L, na incidência de Thrips tabaci Lind. e sirfídeos predadores, Toxomerus spp. O experimento foi conduzido na Epagri, EE de Ituporanga, de agosto a dezembro de 1998. Os tratamentos foram cebola em monocultivo; cebola + trigo mourisco (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench); cebola + nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus Metzg.); cebola + cenoura (Daucus carota L., cv. Nantes e cv. Brasília); cebola + milho (Zea mays L.); cebola + rúcula (Eruca sativa L.) + vegetação espontânea. O plantio de diferentes espécies vegetais em bordadura não provocou diferenças significativas na incidência de tripes e sirfídeos predadores. A produtividade comercial de bulbos de cebola foi similar em sistema de monocultivo e diversificado, sugerindo ser possível adotar tais sistemas sem perdas em rendimento.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212964">
                <text>2003</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212965">
                <text>Allium cepa, Thrips tabaci, agroecologia, diversidade vegetal, inseto, policultivo</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212966">
                <text>10.1590/S0102-05362003000400033</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212967">
                <text>Horticultura Brasileira</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212968">
                <text>Associação Brasileira de Olericultura</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212969">
                <text>Plant culture</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212970">
                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.scielo.br/pdf/hb/v21n4/19449.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://www.scielo.br/pdf/hb/v21n4/19449.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="88122">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>EFECTOS DE LA COMBINACIÓN DE ABONOS ORGÁNICOS Y FERTILIZANTE QUÍMICO SOBRE LA DENSIDAD APARENTE Y EL ESPACIO POROSO TOTAL DE UN SUELO VOLCÁNICO NICARAGÜENSE</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212954">
                <text>Armando Flores, Martha Izquierdo, Pedro Manzanares</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212955">
                <text>Se realizó un muestreo de suelos en parcelas experimentales de un ensayo de campo, con el fin de evaluar los efectos de la aplicación de tres dosis de Abonos Orgánicos (AO), combinadas con fertilizante químico, sobre la densidad aparente (d) y el espacio poroso total (EPT) de un suelo volcánico nicaragüense. El ensayo se realizó durante la época de Postrera (Septiembre - Diciembre) de 1989, en la Finca Experimental La Compañía, Carazo, Nicaragua; sobre un suelo franco - arenoso derivado de cenizas volcánicas (Typic Durandepts). Se utilizó un experimento Bifactorial en diseño de parcelas divididas en Bloques completos al azar, con cuatro réplicas. Los AO empleados fueron Gallinaza, Compost y Pulpa de café, siendo las dosis ensayadas de 5, 10 y 15 ton.ha-1 de cada uno, combinadas con Fosfato Diamónico a razón de 64.8 kg.ha-1. Se observó una disminución de la d y un aumento del EPT con la aplicación de los AO, siendo este efecto influido por las dosis incorporadas. Las parcelas que presentaron la menor d y el mayor EPT, fueron aquellas donde se incorporó el Compost. Abreviaturas: d, densidad aparente, D, densidad real, EPT, Espacio poroso total, AO, abonos orgánicos, FQ, fertilizantes químicos, MO, Materia orgánica.</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212956">
                <text>2004</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212957">
                <text>La Calera</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212958">
                <text>Universidad Nacional Agraria</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212959">
                <text>Agriculture (General), Agriculture</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212960">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://lacalera.una.edu.ni/index.php/CALERA/article/view/34" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://lacalera.una.edu.ni/index.php/CALERA/article/view/34&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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    <fileContainer>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="88121">
                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="88122">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212943">
                <text>El cine de ciencia ficción para desarrollar cuestiones sociocientíficas y el pensamiento crítico</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212944">
                <text>Maria Francisca Petit, Jordi Solbes, Nidia Yaneth Torres</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212945">
                <text>Este artículo de reflexión describe cómo el cine de ciencia ficción [CCF] puede ser utilizado en la enseñanza de las ciencias desde la perspectiva de las cuestiones sociocientíficas [CSC] para contribuir al desarrollo de competencias de pensamiento crítico [PC], ya que el CCF se nutre de la ciencia, de la que obtiene conocimiento, pero también de problemáticas que relacionan el mundo científico con la sociedad, la economía o la moral. Por ello, se reflexiona sobre el PC y su relación con las ciencias. A continuación, vemos que el cine legitima visiones del mundo. Sin embargo, debido a que el CCF trata temas como la manipulación genética, la inteligencia artificial o el calentamiento global, que incorporan aspectos científicos, sociales, económicos, políticos y éticos controversiales, nos permite hacer uso de estos en un enfoque de ciencia, tecnología y sociedad en la enseñanza de las ciencias. Por último, se analizan algunas películas de CCF para diseñar, a partir de ellas, CSC para el aula, aspecto que puede incidir en las formas de percibir la ciencia en los estudiantes.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212946">
                <text>2021</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212947">
                <text>Educación en ciencias, cine de ciencia ficción, ciência, cuestiones socio-científicas, tecnología  y  sociedad  —cts—</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212948">
                <text>10.19053/22160159.v12.n29.2021.11550</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Praxis &amp; Saber</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia</text>
              </elementText>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Special aspects of education, Education</text>
              </elementText>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/praxis_saber/article/view/11550/10255" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/praxis_saber/article/view/11550/10255&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Cambios en calidad del suelo asociados a la aplicación de técnicas de agricultura ecológica en plantas café bajo diferentes coberturas</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212934">
                <text>Lizeth Manuela Avellaneda Torres, Paula Daniela Gómez Pinzón, Leaddy Karolinna Ariza Vargas</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar cambios de la calidad del suelo asociados a la implementación de técnicas de agricultura ecológica (AE) en cafetales bajo diferentes coberturas en San José de Pare, Boyacá. Para el cumplimiento de este objetivo se determinaron cambios en parámetros fisicoquímicos, abundancia de grupos funcionales de microorganismos (solubilizadores de fosfatos, celulolíticos, fijadores de nitrógeno) y actividades enzimáticas (fosfatasa acida y alcalina, β -glucosidasa, ureasa y proteasa). Las muestras de suelo se recolectaron de manera bimensual durante un periodo de diez meses en parcelas con cultivo de café con tres diferentes coberturas: plátano, mandarina y una mezcla de cítricos. Los resultados mostraron modificaciones de los indicadores de calidad del suelo como consecuencia de la aplicación de técnicas de AE, encontrando un aumento significativo en el contenido de fósforo, carbono, bacterias y hongos solubilizadores de fosfato y hongos celulolíticos. En contraste, no se observaron cambios significativamente relevantes en la actividad enzimática.</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212936">
                <text>2022</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212937">
                <text>Enzimas, agroecologia, microorganismos, revolución verde, sistemas agroforestales</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212938">
                <text>10.14483/2256201X.18064</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212939">
                <text>Colombia Forestal</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212940">
                <text>Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212941">
                <text>Agriculture, Forestry</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212942">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/colfor/article/view/18064" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/colfor/article/view/18064&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="88121">
                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="88122">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Aspectos de la reproducción de Plagioscion magdalenae (Pisces: Sciaenidae) en el embalse El Guájaro, bajo Magdalena, Colombia</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212924">
                <text>Carlos Garcia-Alzate, René A. Rojas-Luna</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212925">
                <text>Plagioscion magdalenae es el recurso íctico más importante del embalse El Guájaro, en el norte de Colombia, y para sus pobladores ribereños, fundamental para las pesquerías de subsistencia de la región, lo que ha llevado a su sobreexplotación. En este artículo se describen los aspectos reproductivos de P. magdalenae, en este embalse. Se realizaron diez muestreos de recolección mensuales, entre abril de 2018 y enero de 2019, con el fin de abarcar cada momento del pulso de inundación. Se calcularon la proporción sexual, relación gonadosomática (RGS), fecundidad, diámetro de ovocitos y talla media de madurez sexual (L50). Se analizaron 207 ejemplares, y se establecieron siete intervalos de tallas; 126 individuos fueron machos y 81 hembras, con una proporción sexual de 1:1.6 (hembra-macho). La RGS indicó que este pez tiene varios picos reproductivos, los principales en julio y septiembre. La fecundidad absoluta fue 1909 ovocitos para aguas bajando, 1590 para aguas bajas, 2435 para aguas subiendo y 2132 para aguas altas, con un diámetro promedio de ovocito de 0.29 mm. Los machos maduraron primero que las hembras y la L50 estuvo por debajo de la talla media de captura (30 cm), lo cual refleja que la normativa legal está bien determinada, pero no hay regulación para su pesca.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212926">
                <text>2022</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212927">
                <text>Diversidad, Reproducción, ecología, pez neotropical</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212928">
                <text>10.21068/2539200X.971</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212929">
                <text>Biota Colombiana</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212930">
                <text>Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212931">
                <text>Biology (General)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212932">
                <text>&lt;a href="http://revistas.humboldt.org.co/index.php/biota/article/view/971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://revistas.humboldt.org.co/index.php/biota/article/view/971&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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        <src>https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/9f69d8f5fffffc9f7f89606acb875ac5.pdf</src>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="88121">
                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="88122">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212913">
                <text>Problemas ambientais desencadeados pelo Plano Nacional de Agroenergia: o caso de Itapuranga, Goiás</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212914">
                <text>Simone Pereira de Carvalho, Joel Orlando Bevilaqua Marin</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212915">
                <text>O artigo analisa as contradições entre os discursos oficias que legitimam a política nacional agroenergética e os problemas ambientais desencadeados pela expansão da monocultura canavieira em territórios de agricultura familiar. O estudo de caso foi realizado no município goiano de Itapuranga, combinando pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e entrevistas. Conclui-se que a política agroenergética agravou os problemas ambientais em Itapuranga e provocou alterações nas relações sociedade e natureza.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212916">
                <text>2011</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212917">
                <text>Agricultura Familiar, Políticas agroenergéticas, meio ambiente</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212918">
                <text>10.1590/S1518-70122011000200010</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212919">
                <text>Interações (Campo Grande)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212920">
                <text>Universidade Católica Dom Bosco</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212921">
                <text>Social sciences (General)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="212922">
                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.scielo.br/pdf/inter/v12n2/a09.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://www.scielo.br/pdf/inter/v12n2/a09.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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