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                <text>Coronavirus pandemic challenges migrants worldwide and in Russia</text>
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                <text>Irina Ivakhnyuk</text>
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                <text>The paper deals with the situation of one of the most vulnerable social groups under COVID-19, namely migrants and refugees. The author classifies pandemic-related challenges faced by migrants into several groups: (1) economic, (2) medical, or sanitary-epidemiological, (3) socio-psychological, and (4) political. Special attention is paid to the situation in Russia, which largely coincides with what is happening in other countries with numerous numbers of migrants, and at the same time has its own specificity.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3897/popecon.4.e53201</text>
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                <text>Население и экономика</text>
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                <text>Moscow State University, Faculty of Economics</text>
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                <text>Economic theory. Demography</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Coronavirus Pandemic—Therapy and Vaccines</text>
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                <text>Kenneth Lundstrom</text>
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                <text>The current coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, which originated in Wuhan, China, has raised significant social, psychological and economic concerns in addition to direct medical issues. The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 to almost every country on the globe and the failure to contain the infections have contributed to fear and panic worldwide. The lack of available and efficient antiviral drugs or vaccines has further worsened the situation. For these reasons, it cannot be overstated that an accelerated effort for the development of novel drugs and vaccines is needed. In this context, novel approaches in both gene therapy and vaccine development are essential. Previous experience from SARS- and MERS-coronavirus vaccine and drug development projects have targeted glycoprotein epitopes, monoclonal antibodies, angiotensin receptor blockers and gene silencing technologies, which may be useful for COVID-19 too. Moreover, existing antivirals used for other types of viral infections have been considered as urgent action is necessary. This review aims at providing a background of coronavirus genetics and biology, examples of therapeutic and vaccine strategies taken and potential innovative novel approaches in progress.</text>
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                <text>coronavirus, peptide vaccine, viral replication, RNA interference, viral vectors, gene silencing</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050109</text>
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                <text>Biology (General)</text>
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                <text>Coronavirus papain-like proteases negatively regulate antiviral innate immune response through disruption of STING-mediated signaling.</text>
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                <text>Li Sun, Yaling Xing, Xiao-Juan Chen, Yang Zheng, Yudong Yang, Daniel B Nichols, Mark A. Clementz, Bridget S Banach, Kui Li, Susan C. Baker, Zhongbin Chen</text>
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                <text>Viruses have evolved elaborate mechanisms to evade or inactivate the complex system of sensors and signaling molecules that make up the host innate immune response. Here we show that human coronavirus (HCoV) NL63 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV papain-like proteases (PLP) antagonize innate immune signaling mediated by STING (stimulator of interferon genes, also known as MITA/ERIS/MYPS). STING resides in the endoplasmic reticulum and upon activation, forms dimers which assemble with MAVS, TBK-1 and IKKε, leading to IRF-3 activation and subsequent induction of interferon (IFN). We found that expression of the membrane anchored PLP domain from human HCoV-NL63 (PLP2-TM) or SARS-CoV (PLpro-TM) inhibits STING-mediated activation of IRF-3 nuclear translocation and induction of IRF-3 dependent promoters. Both catalytically active and inactive forms of CoV PLPs co-immunoprecipitated with STING, and viral replicase proteins co-localize with STING in HCoV-NL63-infected cells. Ectopic expression of catalytically active PLP2-TM blocks STING dimer formation and negatively regulates assembly of STING-MAVS-TBK1/IKKε complexes required for activation of IRF-3. STING dimerization was also substantially reduced in cells infected with SARS-CoV. Furthermore, the level of ubiquitinated forms of STING, RIG-I, TBK1 and IRF-3 are reduced in cells expressing wild type or catalytic mutants of PLP2-TM, likely contributing to disruption of signaling required for IFN induction. These results describe a new mechanism used by CoVs in which CoV PLPs negatively regulate antiviral defenses by disrupting the STING-mediated IFN induction.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030802</text>
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                <text>Coronavirus spike protein inhibits host cell translation by interaction with eIF3f.</text>
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                <text>Han Xiao, Linghui Xu, Yoshiyuki Yamada, Ding Xiang Liu</text>
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                <text>In response to viral infection, the expression of numerous host genes, including predominantly a number of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, is usually up-regulated at both transcriptional and translational levels. It was noted that in cells infected with coronavirus, transcription and translation of some of these genes were differentially induced. Drastic induction of their expression at the transcriptional level was observed in cells infected with coronavirus. However, induction of the same genes at the translational level was usually found to be minimal to moderate. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, yeast two-hybrid screen was carried out using SARS-CoV proteins as baits, revealing that a subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), eIF3f, may interact with the N-terminal region of the SARS-CoV spike (S) protein. This interaction was subsequently confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescent staining. Meanwhile, parallel experiments confirmed that eIF3f could also interact with the S protein of another coronavirus, the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). These interactions led to the inhibition of translation of a reporter gene in both in vitro expression system and intact cells. Interestingly, IBV-infected cells stably expressing a Flag-tagged eIF3f showed much higher translation of IL-6 and IL-8, suggesting that the interaction between coronavirus S protein and eIF3f plays a functional role in controlling the expression of host genes, especially genes that are induced during coronavirus infection cycles. This study reveals a novel mechanism exploited by coronavirus to regulate viral pathogenesis.</text>
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                <text>2008</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001494</text>
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                <text>Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease</text>
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                <text>Maria L. Agostini, Erica L. Andres, Amy C. Sims, Rachel L. Graham, Timothy P. Sheahan, Xiao-Tao Lü, Everett Clinton Smith, James Brett Case, Joy  Y. Feng, Robert Jordan, Adrian S. Ray, Tomas Cihlar, Dustin Siegel, Richard L. Mackman, Michael O. Clarke, Ralph S. Baric, Mark R. Denison, Kanta Subbarao</text>
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                <text>Emerging coronaviruses (CoVs) cause severe disease in humans, but no approved therapeutics are available. The CoV nsp14 exoribonuclease (ExoN) has complicated development of antiviral nucleosides due to its proofreading activity. We recently reported that the nucleoside analogue GS-5734 (remdesivir) potently inhibits human and zoonotic CoVs in vitro and in a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) mouse model. However, studies with GS-5734 have not reported resistance associated with GS-5734, nor do we understand the action of GS-5734 in wild-type (WT) proofreading CoVs. Here, we show that GS-5734 inhibits murine hepatitis virus (MHV) with similar 50% effective concentration values (EC50) as SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Passage of WT MHV in the presence of the GS-5734 parent nucleoside selected two mutations in the nsp12 polymerase at residues conserved across all CoVs that conferred up to 5.6-fold resistance to GS-5734, as determined by EC50. The resistant viruses were unable to compete with WT in direct coinfection passage in the absence of GS-5734. Introduction of the MHV resistance mutations into SARS-CoV resulted in the same in vitro resistance phenotype and attenuated SARS-CoV pathogenesis in a mouse model. Finally, we demonstrate that an MHV mutant lacking ExoN proofreading was significantly more sensitive to GS-5734. Combined, the results indicate that GS-5734 interferes with the nsp12 polymerase even in the setting of intact ExoN proofreading activity and that resistance can be overcome with increased, nontoxic concentrations of GS-5734, further supporting the development of GS-5734 as a broad-spectrum therapeutic to protect against contemporary and emerging CoVs.</text>
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                <text>2018</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00221-18</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>mBio</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>American Society for Microbiology</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Microbiology</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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                <text>Coronavirus y anestesia: Consideraciones en torno a la solidaridad</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>José Ricardo Navarro-Vargas, Álvaro Rodríguez-Roa Álvaro Rodríguez-Roa</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>ANESTESIÓLOGO, contagio, Aislamiento, Precauciones Universales, pandemia, Cuarentena, COVID-19</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DOI: 10.25237/revchilanestv49n03.010</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Revista Chilena de Anestesia</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Editorial Iku</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Medicine, Anesthesiology</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Coronavirus y las amenazas a la salud mundial</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Frank Lizaraso-Caparó, José Carlos Del Carmen Sara</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Desde mediados del siglo XIX, frente a las epidemias de cólera que arrasaron Europa, las autoridades sanitarias de los países afectados identificaron la necesidad de generar mecanismos que garantice una máxima seguridad contra la propagación internacional de enfermedades, con una mínima interferencia en el tráfico mundial. En noviembre de 1924, durante la VII Conferencia Sanitaria Panamericana celebrada en La Habana, Cuba, los gobiernos de 21 repúblicas americanas firmaron y ratificaron el Código Sanitario Panamericano con dicho objetivo, sostenido en la cooperación de los gobiernos, que estimulaba el intercambio de información, y fortalecía las acciones de Salud Pública y la adopción de medidas utilizadas en los puntos de entrada.</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>coronovairus, salud mundial</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DOI: 10.24265/horizmed.2020.v20n1.01</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Horizonte Médico</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="16572">
                <text>Universidad de San Martín de Porres</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>ES</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Coronavirus-positive Nasopharyngeal Aspirate as Predictor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Mortality</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Wilina Lim, Wai-Cho Yu, Owen Tak-yin Tsang, Sik To Lai, Tai-Nin Chau, Kin-Wing Choi, Eugene Yuk-Keung Tso, Ming-Chi Chiu, Wing-Lok Tong, Po-Oi Lee, Bosco Hoi Shiu Lam, Tak-Keung Ng, Jak-Yiu Lai</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has caused a major epidemic worldwide. A novel coronavirus is deemed to be the causative agent. Early diagnosis can be made with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of nasopharyngeal aspirate samples. We compared symptoms of 156 SARS-positive and 62 SARS-negative patients in Hong Kong; SARS was confirmed by RT-PCR. The RT-PCR–positive patients had significantly more shortness of breath, a lower lymphocyte count, and a lower lactate dehydrogenase level; they were also more likely to have bilateral and multifocal chest radiograph involvement, to be admitted to intensive care, to need mechanical ventilation, and to have higher mortality rates. By multivariate analysis, positive RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal aspirate samples was an independent predictor of death within 30 days.</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2003</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>China, Hong Kong, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Coronavirus infection, SARS virus</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid0911.030400</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27431">
                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
              </elementText>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Coronavirus, salud pública y mundo editorial</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Donicer Montes-Vergara, Marco González Tous, Luis Carlos Salgado-Arroyo, Jaime De la Osssa V</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Los coronavirus son una amplia familia de virus patógenos que pueden causar diversas afecciones, principalmente respiratorias, tanto en humanos como en animales vertebrados domésticos y salvajes. Pueden producir desde el resfriado común leve, uno severo y hasta enfermedades más graves, como ocurre con el Coronavirus 2 responsable del actual síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2), más conocido como Covid-19, que corresponde al nombre la enfermedad y que tiene en vilo al planeta (1,2).</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Mundo Editorial, Salud Pública, coronavirus</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DOI: 10.24188/recia.v12.n1.2020.769</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal Recia</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Universidad de Sucre</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Agriculture (General), Agriculture, Animal culture</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Coronavirus: a catalyst for change and innovation</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Anne-Laure Mention, João José Pinto Ferreira, Marko Torkkeli</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>As we write this editorial, people around the world are apprehensive about their future; some are at home; some are thinking about the loved ones they cannot visit; some, unfortunately, are dying. We watch the graphs and listen to the daily news of new coronavirus cases, but be it just one or one thousand, for the those close of the ones affected, the impact is catastrophic. (...)</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2020</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>10.24840/2183-0606_008.001_0001</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="41734">
                <text>Management. Industrial management, Technological innovations. Automation</text>
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