Effect of different irrigation regimes on the quality attributes of monovarietal virgin olive oil from cv. “Cobrançosa”
Cv. Cobrançosa, irrigation, quality indices, virgin olive oil
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different irrigation strategies in virgin olive oil (VOO) composition and quality of cv. Cobrançosa, integrated in a protected denomination of origin of “Azeite de Trás-os-Montes” in the Northeast of Portugal. Three irrigation treatments were applied: T2-full irrigation that received a seasonal water equivalent to 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc), T1-continuous deficit irrigation (30% ETc) and T0- rainfed treatment. Data were collected from two consecutive crop years (2005-2006). Irrigation regimes had a minor effect on standard quality indices (free fatty acids, peroxide value, K232 and K270) of VOO and in fatty acid composition. Total polyphenols decreased up to treatment T2, and were strongly related to the water stress integral, suggesting that the effect of irrigation on this variable occurs along the crop season and not just during the oil accumulation phase. A strategy of continuous deficit irrigation with only 30% of maximum ETc may have an advantageous effect, as it increased oil yield to more than double that of rainfed conditions while VOO quality was similar.
A. A. Fernandes-Silva, F. J. Villalobos, J. B. Gouveia, P. Vasconcelos, T. C. Ferreira
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
http://grasasyaceites.revistas.csic.es/index.php/grasasyaceites/article/view/1406
Sensory analysis and volatile compounds of olive oil (cv. Cobrançosa) from different irrigation regimes
principal components analysis, sensory attributes, virgin olive oil
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different irrigation strategies on the sensory quality of virgin olive oil (VOO) from the cv. “cobrançosa” integrated into a protected denomination of origin of “Azeite de Trás-os-Montes” in the Northeast of Portugal. Three irrigation treatments were applied: (T2)-full irrigation, which received a seasonal water equivalent of 100% of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc), (T1)-continuous deficit irrigation (30% ETc) and (T0)- rainfed treatment. Data were collected from two consecutive crop years (2005-2006). Olive oil samples were analyzed for volatiles by GC-MS and the results compared with sensory evaluation data. Total volatile compounds tended to decrease with the amount of water applied. The characteristics pungent and bitter were more pronounced in olive oils from T0 and T1, which had higher polyphenolic concentrations, with a strong positive relationship with this variable and the bitter attribute. The Principal Components Analysis clearly separates the three olive oils from 2005, the driest year, and aggregates into a single group the three samples from 2006, suggesting no effect of irrigation on volatile compounds in years with a rainy spring and a marked effect in years with severe drought, suggesting that the effect of the trees’ water status on these variables occurs throughout the crop season and not just during the oil accumulation phase. In general, olive oil from the cv. Cobrançosa is more bitter than pungent and has a typical nutty sensory attribute shown by a strong positive relationship between benzaldehyde and the sensory notes of almonds and nuts.
A. A. Fernandes-Silva, V. Falco, C. M. Correia, F. J. Villalobos
http://grasasyaceites.revistas.csic.es/index.php/grasasyaceites/article/view/1409
mRNA technology as one of the promising platforms for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development
coronavirus, covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, mrna vaccines
After the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2) was published and the number of infected people began to increase rapidly, many global companies began to develop a vaccine. Almost all known approaches to vaccine design were applied for this purpose, including inactivated viruses, mRNA and DNA-vaccines, vaccines based on various viral vectors, synthetically generated peptides and recombinant proteins produced in cells of insects and mammals. This review considers one of the promising vaccine platforms based on messenger RNA. Until recent years, mRNA-vaccination was out of practical implementation due to high sensitivity to nuclease degradation and consequent instability of drugs based on mRNA. Latest technological advances significantly mitigated the problems of low immunogenicity, instability, and difficulties in RNA-vaccine delivery. It is worth noting that mRNA-vaccines can efficiently activate both components of the immune system, i. e. T-cell and humoral responses. The essential advantage of mRNA-vaccines includes fast, inexpensive, scalable and uniform production providing a large output of desirable products in vitro. Synthesis and purification processes significantly simplify the process technology of mRNA drugs with injectable purity. Thus, mRNA production via in vitro transcription is more advantageous as compared with DNA-vaccines since it is a chemical process without the use of cells. mRNA techniques make it possible to pass all the phases of vaccine development much faster in comparison with the production of vaccines based on inactivated viruses or recombinant proteins. This property is critically important when designing vaccines against viral pathogens as the main problem of disease control includes a time gap between an epidemic and vaccine development. This paper discusses studies on the development of vaccines against coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 with special attention to the mRNA technique.
A. A. Ilyichev, L. I. Karpenko, L. A. Orlova, S. V. Sharabrin
Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
New possibilities of therapy and prevention of complications of infectious-inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract
infectious-inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, complications of chronic tonsillopharyngitis, bacterial lysates, ismigen®
Abstract. SARS in the overwhelming majority of cases are the initial link in the chain of pathological changes developing in acute rhinosinusitis, contribute to the severe course of the inflammatory process, development of local, remote and generalized complications. One of the important reasons for the growth of pathology of respiratory organs is increase of the prevalence of secondary immunodeficiencies (SIDS).The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of the drug ISMIGEN® (sublingual tablets) on the course and severity of acute exacerbations of chronic tonsillopharyngitis during the epidemiological season of acute respiratory infections. Study design. This study is a comparative randomized, prospective, cohort trial. All patients matching the inclusion criteria and included in the study were randomized into 2 groups by 30 persons in accordance with the plan of randomization. The duration of the observation period was 6 months.Conclusions. Use of the drug Ismigen® allows significantly reduction of the likelihood of development in the patient of relapse/ exacerbation of HTF/SARS, the development of moderate and severe forms of the disease, as well as the need for additional antibiotic therapy.
A. A. Krivopalov, S.V. Ryazantsev, V. A. Shatalov
ACUTE RHINITIS: NEW THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES
acute respiratory viral infection, acute rhinitis, complex homeopathic preparation, coryzalia®
According to the World Health Organization pathology of the respiratory system ranks first (in some countries, second) in the structure of morbidity of the population worldwide. The complexity of the treatment, and growth of the unreasonable prescription of many drugs, leading to increased problems of polypragmasie, antibioticoresistance, allergization of the population, etc., encourages physicians to reconsider the boundaries of drug therapy and persistently look for new opportunities for effective and safe therapy. An open multicentre study was conduced to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of Coryzalia® in the treatment of acute infectious rhinitis, that showed that the complex homeopathic drug quickly relieves the main symptoms of acute infectious rhinitis on the background of SARS. By the 3rd day of therapy such symptoms as headache, rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, sneezingare reduced twice.
A. A. Krivopalov, S.V. Ryazantsev, V. A. Shatalov, S. V. Shervashidze
coronavirus, Conjunctiva, Ophthalmology, COVID-19
This article presents a review of the ocular manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by using materials of Russian and international researchers. After the outbreak of COVID-19 began in China in December 2019, isolated works on ocular manifestations of coronavirus infection began to appear in the literature. The review article summarizes data on the origin and species of viruses that infect humans, the structure of coronaviruses, and intermediate hosts of the virus. A separate chapter is devoted to the mode of transmission for infectious. Itis shown that the main route of COVID-19 transmission from person to person is airborne. Of great interest to the ophthalmologists is the review of works devoted to the virus detection in the conjunctival sac. In particular, some studies have shown that in patients with COVID-19, the virus is present in the lacrimal fluid. According to the authors, it indicates that coronavirus might be transmitted through the conjunctiva. These statements are confirmed by clinical and experimental researches. The presence of coronavirus in tears indicates the possibility to cause disease by the ocular route. That is a potential infection source for different types of physicians during routine examinations of patients, and especially by ophthalmologists. Therefore healthcare workers should wear eye protection when dealing with patients who may have COVID-19. Ophthalmologists must take necessary safety precautions, even in conducting a routine physical examination. It is also worth noting that conjunctivitis can be the first symptom of COVID-19. It is proved that the virus in the conjunctiva was detected even in patients without symptoms of eye inflammation. Also interesting for researchers is the manifestations of coronavirus infection in animals, which, according to the authors, is essential for understanding the possible mechanisms of disease development and manifestations in humans.
A. A. Rizvanov, R F Akhmetshin, S N Bulgar, Z G Kamalov, R F Gainutdinova, V A Usov
SUMMARY OF INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES DETECTED AND CHARACTERIZED IN RUSSIA DURING 2017–2018 SEASON
molecular diagnostics, influenza, ARVI, genetic analysis, antigenic properties, antivirals
Abstract. The influenza season 2017–2018 started significantly later compared to the five previous seasons. Influenza epidemic lasted for 12 weeks (weeks 6–17), was of moderate intensity and 10,4% of the population of the country was involved with children aged 0–2 and 3–6 years being the most affected groups as usually. The average hospitalization rate of patients with ILI and ARI was 2,6% and was the highest in infants aged 0–2 years (5,4%). The number of influenzaassociated deaths was two times higher this season compared to 2016–2017 which can be attributed to the circulation of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses that still is the major cause of lethal influenza outcomes in the country. A total 72 759 patients were investigated by RT-PCR in 55 collaborating RBLs. Laboratory confirmed influenza (LCI) was detected in 12 149 (20.7%) cases, of which 39.3% were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, 29.6% were A(H3N2) and 31.1% influenza B (Yamagata lineage) viruses. The first cases of influenza viruses were detected at the very beginning of the season (weeks 40–45.2017), however a distinct increase in the rate of detection was registered only from the week 2.2018 with the peak on the week 13–14.2018 and subsequent gradual decline up to the end of the season. The certain differences in the etiology of morbidity between Federal Districts were registered. The impact of influenza and other ARI agents in different stage of epidemic was determined. In the pre-epidemic period, the incidence growth was occurred mainly due to ARI agents (about 32,7%), especially due to rhinoviruses (RhV) and RSV (10.2 and 8.0% cases, respectively) while LCI were registered in 3.4% only. During the epidemic, the rate of LCI detection increased up to 29.2% at simultaneous decrease in frequency of parainfluenza, adenovirus, bocavirus, coronavirus and, especially, rhinoviruses, to a lesser extent RSV infection. In the post-epidemic period, the role of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and В viruses decreased up to 6.1; 6.9 and 3.6%, respectively, with increase of rhinoviruses (9.5% of diseases). Genetic analysis of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses circulating in 2017–2018 season showed that all analyzed viruses by the structure of surface genes encoding antigenic determinants, in difference from influenza B viruses, corresponded to the vaccine strains recommended by WHO for the Northern Hemisphere for 2017–2018 epidemic season. However, significant changes in the internal genes of circulating viruses were revealed. The control of the susceptibility of 316 influenza A and B viruses to antiviral drugs showed that the absolute majority of them (99.7%) retained their susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors.
A. A. Sominina, D. M. Danilenko, A. B. Komissarov, A. V. Fadeev, M. M. Pisareva, M. Yu. Eropkin, N I Konovalova, P. A. Petrova, A. A. Shtro, K. A. Stolyarov, L. S. Karpova, E.I. Burtseva, A. V. Vasin
Enhancement of the Influenza Surveillance System in the Russian Federation: the Main Results of the Sentinel Surveillance for Influenza and other Acute Respiratory Viral Infections
сигнальный надзор, грипп, тяжелые респираторные инфекции, этиология, вакцинация, Sentinel Surveillance, influenza, severe respiratory infections, etiology, vaccination
Existing influenza surveillance system is constantly improved to obtain comprehensive information for understanding of continuously changing situation with the influenza, which is a consequence of the highest variability of the pathogen, its ability to reassortment and the imminence of emergence a new shift-variants of the virus that could cause the next pandemic events. For this purpose, since the 2010 - 2011 epidemic season, in addition to the traditional surveillance system (TS) a new well standardized sentinel surveillance system (SS) for rapid clinical and epidemiological data obtaining was introduced in Russia. A total 7812 hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and 9854 outpatients with influenza-like illness and acute respiratory infection (ILI/ARI) were investigated during the 6-year period in SS. Percent of SARI among all hospitalized patients ranged from 1.7 to 3.1%; about 5.3 - 7.5% SARI patients were placed in the Intensive Care Unit. Etiological monitoring using PCR showed influenza spread trends in SS similar to those registered in the TS: a clear predominance of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 among SARI and ILI/ARI in 2010 - 2011 and 2015 - 2016 epidemic seasons, influenza A (H3N2) in the epidemic seasons 2011 - 2012 and 2014 - 2015, the co-circulation of these pathogens in 2012 - 2013, 2013 - 2014 seasons in Russia. SARI caused by influenza B virus were detected less frequently than influenza A but increased influenza B activity was registered in the epidemic of 2014 -2015, when Yamagata lineage changed suddenly for the Victorian one. The average frequency of influenza diagnosis among SARI between the seasons varied in the range 12.5 - 27.1%, at the peak of the epidemic it reached 44.8 - 73.5% and was the highest during the season with active circulation of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus. The rate of influenza diagnosis among ILI/ARI has always been lower than that among SARI. Studies have also shown the importance of rhinovirus, RS-virus and parainfluenza infections in SARI development. The frequency of registration of coronaviruses, metapneumovirus and bocavirus infection was very low in SARI and ILI/ARI. It was found that in all studied seasons most of SARI patients with influenza have not been vaccinated. Among ILI/ARI outpatients with influenza, the frequency of vaccinated individuals for the entire period of the study was estimated as 10.1%, which was 4.2 times higher than that in SARI, where only 2.4% of patients were vaccinated. In addition, it was found that for all six seasons the SARI patients with influenza were treated with antivirals drugs 2 times less often compared to outpatients. Analysis of data on concomitant diseases and conditions in SARI patients with influenza confirmed the leading role of pregnancy as a risk factor for hospitalization in all influenza epidemics, irrespective of their etiology. In addition, diabetes and cardiovascular disease were recognized as risk factors for influenza associated SARI development.
A. A. Sominina, E. A. Smorodintseva, K. A. Stolyarov, A. A. Melnikova
Peculiarities of Etiology of Respiratory Virus Infections in Hospitalized Patients Depending on the Demographic, Socio-Economic Factors and Previous Vaccination
грипп, респираторные инфекции, госпитализация, этиология, диагностика, вакцинация, influenza, Respiratory Infections, hospitalization, etiology, diagnosis, vaccination
Etiology of respiratory virus infections among 1699 hospitalized patients (HP) was determined by PCR during the period of increased influenza activity in 2012 - 2013 season. The rate of accidence of influenza virus in dependence of gender, age, social and demographic factors and previous vaccination was analysed. Young children dominated in the age structure of HP, while the elderly were hospitalized very rarely. According to results obtained rate of influenza detection in HP was significantly higher among adults in comparison with children (63,5 and 30,7% of investigated patients, correspondingly). Respiratory syncytial virus and rhinoviruses were detected the most regularly (8.7 and 3.1%, correspondingly) in children, parainfluenza and adenoviruses were registered rarely (1.4 and 2.1%, correspondingly). Rate of detection of coronaviruses and bocavirus was low and varied in the range 0.3 - 0.6%. Indicated above ARI agents among hospitalized adults were detected rarely (0 - 1.5%) with exception of RSV which was detected among elderly (75 - 84 years) in 5.9% cases. No metapneumovirus cases were detected among HP in indicated period. Although males dominated (58%) among HP influenza cases, regardless of the type/subtype, were registered more frequently among girls in comparison with the boys of the same age groups. Influenza cases were registered more frequenly as well among smoking than in not smoking patients. Young children dominated in the age structure of HP, while the elderly were hospitalized very rarely.
A. A. Sominina, M. M. Pisareva, Zh. V. Buzitskaya, L.V. Osidak, V.F. Sukhovetskaya, O. I. Afanasyeva, L. V. Voloshchuk, V. S. Afanas’Eva, E. V. Obraztsova, E. G. Golovacheva, V. V. Gonchar, M. A. Yanina, K. A. Stolyarov, E. A. Smorodintseva, L. S. Karpova, T.I. Krainova, A. A. Go, M. P. Grudinin
Opportunities for Transdisciplinary Science to Mitigate Biosecurity Risks From the Intersectionality of Illegal Wildlife Trade With Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens
biosecurity, emerging infectious diseases, One health, covid-19, operations research, illegal wildlife trade
Existing collaborations among public health practitioners, veterinarians, and ecologists do not sufficiently consider illegal wildlife trade in their surveillance, biosafety, and security (SB&S) efforts even though the risks to health and biodiversity from these threats are significant. We highlight multiple cases to illustrate the risks posed by existing gaps in understanding the intersectionality of the illegal wildlife trade and zoonotic disease transmission. We argue for more integrative science in support of decision-making using the One Health approach. Opportunities abound to apply transdisciplinary science to sustainable wildlife trade policy and programming, such as combining on-the-ground monitoring of health, environmental, and social conditions with an understanding of the operational and spatial dynamics of illicit wildlife trade. We advocate for (1) a surveillance sample management system for enhanced diagnostic efficiency in collaboration with diverse and local partners that can help establish new or link existing surveillance networks, outbreak analysis, and risk mitigation strategies; (2) novel analytical tools and decision support models that can enhance self-directed local livelihoods by addressing monitoring, detection, prevention, interdiction, and remediation; (3) enhanced capacity to promote joint SB&S efforts that can encourage improved human and animal health, timely reporting, emerging disease detection, and outbreak response; and, (4) enhanced monitoring of illicit wildlife trade and supply chains across the heterogeneous context within which they occur. By integrating more diverse scientific disciplines, and their respective scientists with indigenous people and local community insight and risk assessment data, we can help promote a more sustainable and equitable wildlife trade.
A. Alonso Aguirre, Meredith L. Gore, Matt Kammer-Kerwick, Kevin M. Curtin, Andries Heyns, Wolfgang Preiser, Louise I. Shelley