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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Research Updates for Influenza Virus and Vaccine Development</text>
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                <text>Ewan  P. Plant, Hang Xie</text>
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                <text>While the scientific community has been focusing on combating novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, we also want to draw your attention to this Special Issue of Vaccines entitled “Influenza Virus and Vaccine Development” [...]</text>
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                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Altering SARS Coronavirus Frameshift Efficiency Affects Genomic and Subgenomic RNA Production</text>
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                <text>Ewan P. Plant, Deborah R. Taylor, Jonathan D. Dinman, Ralph S. Baric, Amy C. Sims</text>
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                <text>In previous studies, differences in the amount of genomic and subgenomic RNA produced by coronaviruses with mutations in the programmed ribosomal frameshift signal of ORF1a/b were observed. It was not clear if these differences were due to changes in genomic sequence, the protein sequence or the frequency of frameshifting. Here, viruses with synonymous codon changes are shown to produce different ratios of genomic and subgenomic RNA. These findings demonstrate that the protein sequence is not the primary cause of altered genomic and subgenomic RNA production. The synonymous codon changes affect both the structure of the frameshift signal and frameshifting efficiency. Small differences in frameshifting efficiency result in dramatic differences in genomic RNA production and TCID50 suggesting that the frameshifting frequency must stay above a certain threshold for optimal virus production. The data suggest that either the RNA sequence or the ratio of viral proteins resulting from different levels of frameshifting affects viral replication.</text>
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                <text>2013</text>
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                <text>SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome, pseudoknot, ribosomal frameshifting, viral replication</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3390/v5010279</text>
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                <text>Viruses</text>
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                <text>MDPI AG</text>
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                <text>Microbiology</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>A three-stemmed mRNA pseudoknot in the SARS coronavirus frameshift signal.</text>
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                <text>Ewan P. Plant, Gabriela C Pérez-Alvarado, Jonathan L. Jacobs, Bani Mukhopadhyay, Mirko Hennig, Jonathan D. Dinman</text>
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                <text>A wide range of RNA viruses use programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting for the production of viral fusion proteins. Inspection of the overlap regions between ORF1a and ORF1b of the SARS-CoV genome revealed that, similar to all coronaviruses, a programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift could be used by the virus to produce a fusion protein. Computational analyses of the frameshift signal predicted the presence of an mRNA pseudoknot containing three double-stranded RNA stem structures rather than two. Phylogenetic analyses showed the conservation of potential three-stemmed pseudoknots in the frameshift signals of all other coronaviruses in the GenBank database. Though the presence of the three-stemmed structure is supported by nuclease mapping and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance studies, our findings suggest that interactions between the stem structures may result in local distortions in the A-form RNA. These distortions are particularly evident in the vicinity of predicted A-bulges in stems 2 and 3. In vitro and in vivo frameshifting assays showed that the SARS-CoV frameshift signal is functionally similar to other viral frameshift signals: it promotes efficient frameshifting in all of the standard assay systems, and it is sensitive to a drug and a genetic mutation that are known to affect frameshifting efficiency of a yeast virus. Mutagenesis studies reveal that both the specific sequences and structures of stems 2 and 3 are important for efficient frameshifting. We have identified a new RNA structural motif that is capable of promoting efficient programmed ribosomal frameshifting. The high degree of conservation of three-stemmed mRNA pseudoknot structures among the coronaviruses suggests that this presents a novel target for antiviral therapeutics.</text>
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                <text>2005</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030172</text>
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                <text>PLoS Biology</text>
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                <text>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</text>
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                <text>Biology (General)</text>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                <text>Evaluación comparativa de fincas productoras de arveja convencionales y en transición agroecológicadeNariño (Colombia)</text>
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                <text>Eyder Daniel Gómez-López, David Eduardo Álvarez Sánchez, Laura Mercedes López Rivera, Jorge Enrique Castro Figueroa</text>
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                <text>A pesar delpredominioque tiene el enfoque de agricultura convencional para la producción de arveja en la vereda Candagán del municipio de Santacruz, en el departamento de Nariño, durante cinco años se ha consolidado  una  experiencia  de  transición  agroecológica  quebusca  una  forma  diferente de  relación socioambiental. Por la importancia que tiene este tipo de propuestas para la agricultura, se desarrolló una evaluación comparativa de fincas productoras de arveja convencionales y en transición agroecológica de Nariño. Para esto, se describieron las prácticas de innovación campesinas asociadas al cultivo y se estimó la  sustentabilidad  a  partir  de 26  indicadores  quepermitieron  identificar  los  Puntos  Críticos  de Sustentabilidad (PCS) y el Índice General de Sustentabilidad.Los resultados establecieron diferencias en las características sociales, ambientales, económicas y técnico-productivasde los dos enfoques.Además, para Candagán se identificaron dos PCS que pueden dificultar la consolidación agroecológica. En este estudio se muestranalgunas estrategias desarrolladas  por  los  campesinos que  podrían  integrarse  en  el diseño defincas productoras de arveja sustentables.</text>
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                <text>2021</text>
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                <text>Pisum sativum, agroecologia, indicadores, innovación, sustentabilidad</text>
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                <text>10.21930/rcta.vol22_num3_art:2228</text>
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                <text>Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria</text>
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                <text>Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Corpoica)</text>
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                <text>Agriculture (General), Agriculture, Animal culture</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://revista.corpoica.org.co/index.php/revista/article/view/2228/919" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://revista.corpoica.org.co/index.php/revista/article/view/2228/919&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Efecto de los abonos orgánicos y dosis de un biofertilizante en el rendimiento de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa), en Chachapoyas, Amazonas</text>
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                <text>Eyner Huamán Huamán, Héctor Vásquez Pérez, Rolando SalasLópez, Leidy Gheraldinne Bobadilla Rivera</text>
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                <text>El presente trabajo de investigación evaluó el efecto de tres tipos de abonos orgánicos más dos dosis de un biofertilizante en el rendimiento de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), variedad Negra Collana. Se utilizó un diseño en bloques completos al azar (DBCA) con seis tratamientos incluido un testigo absoluto. Los tipos de abono orgánico fueron humus de lombriz y guano de isla, mientras que las dosis del biofertilizante “biol” tuvieron niveles de 2,5y51/201 de agua. Posteriormente utilizando el software elibre R, se efectuó el análisis de varianza, y la prueba de comparaciones múltiples según Duncan. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura de planta, longitud de panoja a la madurez fisiológica, y rendimiento alcanzado a la cosecha. Los resultados mostraron que el T7 (humus 5tn/ha con guano de isla 2tn/ha sumado biol a una dosis de 51/201de agua) obtuvo los mayores valores en cuantoa altura de planta (75,78cm), longitud de panoja (40,llcm) y rendimiento (3,01tn/ha), incrementándose estos valores muy por encima de los obtenidos en el testigo, que obtuvo los datos más bajos. Se concluye que los abonos orgánicos y el biofertilizante, en el  T7, influyeron positivamente para obtener los mejores rendimientos.</text>
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                <text>BIOL, Chenopodium quinoa, guano de isla, humus de lombriz, quinua</text>
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                <text>Revista de Investigación en Agroproducción Sustentable</text>
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                <text>Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas</text>
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                <text>Efecto de la aplicación de abonos orgánicos sobre el rendimiento de repollo Corazón de Buey (Brassica oleracea) en Chachapoyas, Amazonas</text>
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                <text>Eyner Huamán Huamán, Juan Carlos Neri Chavez, Roicer Collazos Silva, Manuel Oliva, Silvia Karina Oyarce Tafur</text>
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                <text>La presente investigación tuvo por finalidad determinar el efecto de la aplicación de tres tipos de abonos orgánicos sobre el rendimiento de repollo corazón de buey (Brassica oleracea), para ello se instaló 16 parcelas experimentales en el sector INIA – Fundo San Juan, ciudad de Chachapoyas, distrito de Chachapoyas, mediante un Diseño Completamente Aleatorizado (DCA), con 4 tratamientos, T1 (cultivo de repollo sin abonamiento), T2 (cultivo de repollo humus de lombriz), T3 (cultivo de repollo con bocashi) y T4 (cultivo de repollo con guano de isla), con 4 repeticiones cada una, donde se evaluaron 4 variables, altura de planta, peso de planta, diámetro de copa o cabeza y peso de cabeza y posteriormente se determinó el rendimiento, cuyos resultados mostraron que el tratamiento 4 fue superior a los demás tratamientos en todas las variables con 25,55 cm, 718,95 g, 13,05 cm, 661,08 g y 44,95 tn/h respectivamente y, llegando a la conclusión  que el guano de isla presentó las mejores características nutricionales dentro de los tres abonos orgánicos evaluados en el manejo del cultivo de repollo corazón de buey.</text>
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                <text>Nutrientes, bocashi, guano de isla, humus de lombriz, repollo</text>
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                <text>10.25127/aps.20173.370</text>
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                <text>Revista de Investigación en Agroproducción Sustentable</text>
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                <text>Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas</text>
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                <text>Aplicación de abonos orgánicos y biofertilizante en el cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.), distrito de Chachapoyas</text>
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                <text>Eyner Huamán Huamán, Juan Carlos NeriChávez, Roicer Collazos Silva, Manuel OlivaCruz</text>
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                <text>La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de abonos orgánicos y biofertilizante en el comportamiento agronómico del cultivo de lechuga. Para el experimento se utilizó un diseño en bloques al azar (DBCA), con tres repeticiones y ocho tratamientos. Se utilizaron diferentes dosis de abonos orgánicos y biofertilizante en cada tratamiento, usando un testigo. La aplicación de los abonos orgánicos se hizo al momento de la preparación del terreno y la aplicación del biol se realizó a los 10, 20 y 30 días después del trasplante. En el procedimiento se realizó la preparación y nivelación del terreno, mientras que el trasplante se realizó al mes después del almacigado. Los parámetros evaluados en etapa de cosecha fueron: altura, diámetro, número de hojas, peso y rendimiento. Los resultados indicaron que hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos, mostrándose el T8 (biol + humus + de guano de islas) superior a los demás, y obteniendo los mayores promedios en altura y diámetro, con 23,43 y 34,33 cm, respectivamente.Además logró una cantidad mayor de 24 hojas por planta. Igualmente para el peso y rendimiento, el T8 presentó el mayor promedio con 226,1 g y 22,94 t/ha, demostrando de esta manera la importancia de la combinación de los abonos orgánicos y biofertilizante en el crecimiento de la</text>
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                <text>Revista de Investigación en Agroproducción Sustentable</text>
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                <text>Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas</text>
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                <text>E-mentoring program organized by the Turkish Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry during the COVID-19 pandemic.</text>
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                <text>Eyüp Sabri Ercan, Ali Evren Tufan, Özlem Meryem Kütük, İpek Perçinel Yazıcı</text>
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                <text>RESUMO O presente estudo tem como base a comparação dos resultados do estudo realizado pela AFSUN (African Food Security Urban Network) em 2008 com os níveis de insegurança alimentar na Cidade de Maputo dos anos de 2008 e 2014. A investigação recorreu ao método quantitativo de “pesquisa com survey” recomendado por Fonseca (2002, p. 37) e por Gerhardt e Denise (2009, p. 37-39), utilizando um questionário como instrumento de colecta de dados. Foi feito um inquérito para a recolha de dados sobre 473 Agregados Familiares (AF) selecionados na amostra. Foram seleccionados AF dos Distritos Municipais (DM) de KaMpfumo, KaMaxaqueni, KaLhamanculo, KaMubukwane e KaMavota. Para assegurar a comparabilidade dos resultados foi selecionada, em cada DM, a mesma proporção de Agregados Familiares, comparativamente à amostra do inquérito feito pela AFSUN em 2008. Na análise e interpretação de dados, utilizaram-se os seguintes indicadores, que foram tomados como variáveis analíticas, nomeadamente o indicador HFIAS), o qual permite medir e aferir sobre o grau de Insegurança Alimentar durante o mês anterior ao inquérito e o indicador HFIAP. Os resultados, processados com recurso ao SPSS, mostraram que o nível dos valores tabulados dos pontos (scores) da escala de HFIAS dos AF é, em média, de 3,9% e mostram, também, uma 'queda' mais acentuada dos valores médios de HFIAS, comparativamente ao valor registado no estudo realizado em 2008. Por outro lado, foram tomadas, de forma individualizada, as respostas dadas sobre a situação de Insegurança Alimentar nos quatro meses anteriores ao inquérito cuja comparação entre os resultados dos estudos feitos em 2008 e em 2014 mostra uma tendência de melhoria dos níveis de Insegurança Alimentar dos AF inquiridos, observando-se que apenas cerca de 18.4% dos AF inquiridos “tiveram preocupação em não ter comida suficiente nas últimas quatro semanas” e apenas cerca de 16,7% deles foram impossibilitados de comer o tipo de comida que preferiam por falta de recursos financeiros para os adquirir. Em geral, os resultados sugerem ter havido uma tendência de melhoria dos níveis de Insegurança Alimentar dos Agregados Familiares inquiridos, comparativamente aos resultados do estudo realizado em 2008.    Palavras-chave: Agregado Familiar; Insegurança Alimentar; Segurança Alimentar; Pobreza.   FOOD INSECURITY IN MAPUTO CITY IN 2008 AND 2014  ABSTRACT This study is based on comparing the results of the study undertook by AFSUN in 2008 and the data collected in this dissertation. It as objectives to characterize the levels of food insecurity in Maputo City for the years 2008 and 2014, to determine the values of indicators to assess the trend of food insecurity levels in Maputo City for the years 2008 and 2014 and compare the levels of Food Insecurity 2008 with 2014. The research used the quantitative method 'research survey' recommended by Fonseca (2002, p. 37) and Denise and Gerhardt (2009, p. 37-39) using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. It was done a survey to collect data on 473 Households (HH) selected by sample. They were selected HH of Municipal Districts (MD) of KaMpfumo, KaMaxaqueni, KaLhamanculo, KaMubukwane and KaMavota. To ensure the comparability of results it was selected in each MD, the same proportion of households compared to the sample done by AFSUN in 2008. In the analysis and interpretation of data, we used the following indicators, (which were taken as analytical variables), which allows to measure and to assess the degree of food insecurity during the month prior to the survey) HFIAS and HFIAP indicator. The results processed using the SPSS, showed that the level of tabulated values of the points (scores) of HFIAS range of HH is on average 3.9% and also show a 'fall' sharper values in the HFIAS average, compared to the value recorded in the study in 2008. On the other hand, were taken, individually, the answers given on the food insecurity situation in the four months preceding the survey for which a comparison between the results of studies done in 2008 and in 2014 shows a trend of some improvement of Food Insecurity levels of respondents HH, noting that only about 18.4% of respondents HH 'had concerns about not having enough food in the last four weeks' and only about 16.7% of them were unable to eat the kind of food preferred by lack of financial resources to acquire them. Overall, the results suggest that there was a trend towards improved levels of food insecurity of households surveyed, compared to the results of the study in 2008.  Keywords: Household; Food Insecurity; Food Security; Poverty.   INSEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA EN LA CIUDAD DE MAPUTO EN 2008 Y 2014  RESUMEN Este estudio se basa en la comparación de los resultados del estudio realizado por AFSUN en 2008 con los niveles de inseguridad alimentar en la ciudad de Maputo en los años 2008 y 2014. La investigación se volvió hacia el método cuantitativo recomendado por Fonseca (2002, p. 37) y Denise y Gerhardt (2009, p. 37-39), utilizando un cuestionario como instrumento de recolección de datos. Se realizó una encuesta para recoger datos sobre 473 Hogares seleccionados en la muestra. Fueron seleccionados Hogares de los Distritos Municipales (DM) de KaMpfumo, KaMaxaqueni, KaLhamanculo, KaMubukwane y KaMavota. Para garantizar la comparabilidad de los resultados en cada una de DM, fue seleccionada la misma proporción de los Hogares en comparación con la encuesta de la muestra hecho por AFSUN en 2008. En el análisis e interpretación de datos, hemos utilizado los siguientes indicadores, que fueron tomadas como variables analítica y, en particular indicador HFIAS, que le permite medir y evaluar el grado de inseguridad alimentaria durante el mes anterior a la encuesta y el indicador HFIAP. Los resultados procesados mediante el programa SPSS, mostraron que el nivel de los valores tabulados de los puntos (puntajes) del indicador HFIAS es, en promedio, 3,9% y también muestran una 'caída' de los valores, en comparación con el valor regis-trado en el estudio en 2008. Por otra parte, se tomaron de forma individual, las respuestas dadas sobre la situación de la inseguridad alimentaria en los cuatro meses anteriores a la encuesta para la que una comparación entre los resultados de los estudios realizados en 2008 y en 2014 muestra una tendencia de mejora de los niveles de inseguridad alimentaria de los encuestados, señalando que sólo el 18,4% de los encuestados “se preocuparan por no tener suficiente comida en las últimas cuatro semanas', y sólo alrededor del 16,7% de ellos eran incapaces de comer el tipo de alimento preferido por la falta de recursos financieros para adquirirlos. En general, los resultados sugieren que existe una tendencia hacia la mejora de los niveles de inseguridad alimentaria de los hogares encuestados, en comparación con los resultados del estudio hecho en 2008.  Palabras clave: Hogar; Inseguridad Alimentaria; Seguridad Alimentaria; Pobreza.</text>
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                <text>Agregado familiar, Hogar, Household, Insegurança alimentar, Pobreza, food insecurity, food security, inseguridad alimentaria, poverty, segurança alimentar, seguridad alimentaria</text>
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                <text>Universidade Federal do Maranhão</text>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                <text>Análisis de Costos en la Producción de Quesos Artesanales. Estudio de Caso: Quesería el Bejucal</text>
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                <text>Ezequiel Paredes-Maas, Doctorando, Rubén Monroy-Hernández, Doctorando, Juan Francisco Chávez-Dehesa, Dr., Francisco Guevara-Hernández, Dr, Emilio Castro-Ehuan, Dr, Juan Manuel Zaldívar-Cruz, Dr.</text>
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                <text>La actividad económica resultado de la elaboración de quesos artesanales, es de gran importancia para la economía local, no existe un estudio de este tipo que permita a los productores conocer a detalle los costos de manufactura del queso artesanal, actualmente los productores sólo tienen aproximaciones y sus precios de venta los determinan de acuerdo al comportamiento del mercado, sin tener certeza acerca del margen de utilidad.  Por ello, se realizó este trabajo que consistió en determinar la estructura de costos en cada tipo de queso artesanal, que se elabora en la Quesería “El Bejucal”. Esta empresa es una de las más emblemáticas debido a su tradición y prestigio, ubicada en el municipio de Balancán, Tabasco, y cuya marca está protegida ante el Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial (IMPI).  Se realizaron cálculos basados en la clasificación de costos directos, indirectos y gastos de administración y ventas.  Se encontró que el queso de poro es el producto que más alto costo de producción tiene, respecto a los demas productos, debido principalmente al elevado costo del material de empaque. Sin embargo, el ingreso por la comercialización del queso de poro corresponde al 70% y el restante a los otros quesos; el queso de poro es de pasta friable,blanda y prensada; ligeramente madurado, elaborado a partir de leche bronca, se comercializa en piezas de aproximadamente 300 g.</text>
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                <text>Estructura de costos, Quesos artesanales, margen de utilidad</text>
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                <text>10.5377/ribcc.v5i10.8969</text>
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                <text>Revista Iberoamericana de Bioeconomía y Cambio Climàtico</text>
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                <text>Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua</text>
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                <text>Economic theory. Demography, Meteorology. Climatology</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://revistas.unanleon.edu.ni/index.php/REBICAMCLI/article/view/248" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://revistas.unanleon.edu.ni/index.php/REBICAMCLI/article/view/248&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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