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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Dynamics of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and its control measures</text>
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                <text>Indranil Chakrabarti, Nilanjana Ghosh</text>
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                <text>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the β coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a zoonotic disease that has spread beyond the site of outbreak in Wuhan, China, to become a pandemic of magnanimous proportions. As the whole world is reeling under the burden of its morbidity and mortality, researchers are busy tracing its origin, deciphering its transmission dynamics, devising new, rapid, inexpensive, accurate diagnostic modalities, testing potent vaccines, and exploring effective therapeutic measures. Although till date much is unknown about the novel virus, the present review attempts to provide an insight to the transmission dynamics of SARS CoV2 and cover the various control measures that has been adopted to control its transmission.</text>
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                <text>Medical Journal of Babylon</text>
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                <text>The Many Faces of Covid-19 at a Glance: A University Hospital Multidisciplinary Account From Milan, Italy</text>
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                <text>Alberto Priori, Alessandro Baisi, Giuseppe Banderali, Federico Biglioli, Gaetano Bulfamante, Maria Paola Canevini, Maurizio Cariati, Stefano Carugo, Marco Cattaneo, Amilcare Cerri, Davide Chiumello, Claudio Colosio, Mario Cozzolino, Antonella D'Arminio Monforte, Giovanni Felisati, Daris Ferrari, Orsola Gambini, Marco Gardinali, Anna Maria Marconi, Isotta Olivari, Nicola Vincenzo Orfeo, Enrico Opocher, Luca Pietrogrande, Antonino Previtera, Luca Rossetti, Elena Vegni, Vincenzo Toschi, Massimo Zuin, Stefano Centanni</text>
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                <text>In March 2020, northern Italy became the second country worldwide most affected by Covid-19 and the death toll overtook that in China. Hospital staff soon realized that Covid-19 was far more severe than expected from the few data available at that time. The Covid-19 pandemic forced hospitals to adjust to rapidly changing circumstances. We report our experience in a general teaching hospital in Milan, the capital of Lombardy, the most affected area in Italy. First, we briefly describe Lombardy's regional Covid-19-related health organizational changes as well as general hospital reorganization. We also provide a multidisciplinary report of the main clinical, radiological and pathological Covid-19 findings we observed in our patients.</text>
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                <text>Pulmonary Delivery of Fenretinide: A Possible Adjuvant Treatment In COVID-19</text>
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                <text>Isabella Orienti, Giovanna Angela Gentilomi, Giovanna Farruggia</text>
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                <text>At present, there is no vaccine or effective standard treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (or coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)), which frequently leads to lethal pulmonary inflammatory responses. COVID-19 pathology is characterized by extreme inflammation and amplified immune response with activation of a cytokine storm. A subsequent progression to acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can take place, which is often followed by death. The causes of these strong inflammatory responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection are still unknown. As uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation is likely the main cause of death in SARS-CoV-2 infection, anti-inflammatory therapeutic interventions are particularly important. Fenretinide N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide is a bioactive molecule characterized by poly-pharmacological properties and a low toxicity profile. Fenretinide is endowed with antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulating properties other than efficacy in obesity/diabetic pathologies. Its anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities, in particular, could likely have utility in multimodal therapies for the treatment of ALI/ARDS in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, fenretinide administration by pulmonary delivery systems could further increase its therapeutic value by carrying high drug concentrations to the lungs and triggering a rapid onset of activity. This is particularly important in SARS-CoV-2 infection, where only a narrow time window exists for therapeutic intervention.</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Maintaining Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Outbreak</text>
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                <text>Krzysztof Goniewicz, Amir Khorram-Manesh</text>
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                <text>The analyses of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and an increasing amount of scientific research show that the spread of SARS-CoV-2 may be limited by maintaining social distancing, appropriate hand hygiene, and following the basic principles of prophylaxis. While simulating models applied to social distancing have all been tested and evaluated, the implementation of its guidelines in different traditions and cultures has not been discussed sufficiently. Consequently, applying social distancing guidelines alone may not be enough to contain the spread of the coronavirus. This brief report aims to clarify the role of cultural and behavioral differences in the diverse outcomes of COVID-19 management.</text>
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                <text>Adam Klocperk, Zuzana Parackova, Jitka Dissou, Hana Malcova, Petr Pavlicek, Tomas Vymazal, Pavla Dolezalova, Anna Sediva</text>
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                <text>We report a case of an 8-year-old girl who underwent a SARS-CoV-2 infection manifesting with atypical symptoms spearheaded by abdominal discomfort and systemic inflammation and partially mimicking hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) or macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), which however did not fulfill the HLH/MAS diagnostic criteria. In this case of what has since been described as Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally associated with SARS-COV-2 (PIMS-TS) we documented excellent clinical response to immunosuppression with systemic corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. We show a detailed longitudinal development of neutrophil immunophenotype which suggests activation and engagement of neutrophils during PIMS-TS with compensatory contraction of the response and contra-regulation of neutrophil phenotype during recovery.</text>
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                <text>Immunologic diseases. Allergy</text>
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                <text>Sobre la escasa transparencia en los documentos técnicos para el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID-19 en Perú</text>
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                <text>Álvaro Taype-Rondan, Percy Herrera-Añazco, Germán Málaga</text>
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                <text>El Ministerio de Salud peruano (MINSA) ha publicado resoluciones ministeriales (RM) con el objetivo de normar el tratamiento de personas afectadas por la COVID-19. Estas RM incluyen el uso de fármacos específicos para la COVID-19, como tocilizumab, corticoides, enoxaparina, hidroxicloroquina e ivermectina. Estos lineamientos no dejan claro qué proceso se siguió para tomar decisiones, cómo se justificó cada una de estas decisiones, ni quiénes son sus autores ni sus potenciales conflictos de interés. Resulta importante hacer un esfuerzo por transparentar estos datos, especialmente en un tema en el cual aún no se cuenta con mucha evidencia como es el caso de COVID-19. En el presente artículo presentamos controversias sobre el uso de fármacos específicos para la COVID-19 establecidos por el MINSA, así como recomendaciones sobre el proceso de toma de decisiones.</text>
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                <text>Acta Médica Peruana</text>
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                <text>Colegio Médico del Perú</text>
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                <text>Manejo de la diabetes mellitus en tiempos de COVID-19</text>
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                <text>José Paz Ibarra</text>
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                <text>La diabetes mellitus es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial y causa un aumento de la morbimortalidad en la población afectada con el desarrollo de complicaciones micro y macrovasculares. Actualmente la epidemia causada por el SARS-CoV-2 está en constante aumento en muchos países provocando el colapso de los sistemas de salud al generar un aumento de la demanda de atención, así como un aumento de la mortalidad asociada. Los reportes disponibles describen que los pacientes con diabetes mellitus presentan un mayor riesgo de evolución desfavorable, desarrollo de complicaciones e incluso un aumento de la tasa de mortalidad. Se ha propuesto algunos mecanismos fisiopatológicos para tratar de explicar esta especial evolución en los pacientes con diabetes. Ante la presencia de enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 en nuestro país y de un importante grupo de pacientes de alto riesgo, se presenta una revisión de la fisiopatología y consideraciones de manejo de esta asociación.</text>
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                <text>pandemia, Diabetes mellitus, infecciones por coronavirus, Peru, coronavirus relacionado al síndrome respiratorio agudo severo</text>
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                <text>Acta Médica Peruana</text>
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                <text>Colegio Médico del Perú</text>
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                <text>Medicine</text>
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                <text>A COVID-19-Based Modified Epidemiological Model and Technological Approaches to Help Vulnerable Individuals Emerge from the Lockdown in the UK</text>
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                <text>Omprakash Kaiwartya, Dario  Ortega Anderez, Eiman Kanjo, Ganna Pogrebna, Shane  D. Johnson, John  Alan Hunt</text>
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                <text>COVID-19 has shown a relatively low case fatality rate in young healthy individuals, with the majority of this group being asymptomatic or having mild symptoms. However, the severity of the disease among the elderly as well as in individuals with underlying health conditions has caused significant mortality rates worldwide. Understanding this variance amongst different sectors of society and modelling this will enable the different levels of risk to be determined to enable strategies to be applied to different groups. Long-established compartmental epidemiological models like SIR and SEIR do not account for the variability encountered in the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 disease across different population groups. The objective of this study is to investigate how a reduction in the exposure of vulnerable individuals to COVID-19 can minimise the number of deaths caused by the disease, using the UK as a case study. To overcome the limitation of long-established compartmental epidemiological models, it is proposed that a modified model, namely SEIR-v, through which the population is separated into two groups regarding their vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 is applied. This enables the analysis of the spread of the epidemic when different contention measures are applied to different groups in society regarding their vulnerability to the disease. A Monte Carlo simulation (100,000 runs) along the proposed SEIR-v model is used to study the number of deaths which could be avoided as a function of the decrease in the exposure of vulnerable individuals to the disease. The results indicate a large number of deaths could be avoided by a slight realistic decrease in the exposure of vulnerable groups to the disease. The mean values across the simulations indicate 3681 and 7460 lives could be saved when such exposure is reduced by 10% and 20% respectively. From the encouraging results of the modelling a number of mechanisms are proposed to limit the exposure of vulnerable individuals to the disease. One option could be the provision of a wristband to vulnerable people and those without a smartphone and contact-tracing app, filling the gap created by systems relying on smartphone apps only. By combining very dense contact tracing data from smartphone apps and wristband signals with information about infection status and symptoms, vulnerable people can be protected and kept safer.</text>
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                <text>coronavirus, covid-19, Personal protective equipment, contact-tracing, Epidemiological model, infection spread modelling</text>
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                <text>10.3390/s20174967</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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                <text>Chemical technology</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="1">
                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="2">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="52127">
                <text>The Impact of Vitamin D Level on COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="52128">
                <text>Amare Teshome, Aynishet Adane, Biruk Girma, Zeleke A. Mekonnen</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="52129">
                <text>Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory and systemic disorder caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or novel Coronavirus (nCoV). To date, there is no proven curative treatment for this virus; as a result, prevention remains to be the best strategy to combat coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been proposed to play a role in coronavirus infection (COVID-19). However, there is no conclusive evidence on its impact on COVID-19 infection. Therefore, the present review aimed to summarize the available evidence regarding the association between Vitamin D levels and the risk of COVID-19 infection.Methods: A systematic literature search of databases (PUBMED/MEDLINE, Cochrane/Wiley library, Scopus, and SciELO) were conducted from May 15, 2020, to December 20, 2020. Studies that assessed the effect of vitamin D level on COVID-19/SARS-2 infection were considered for the review. The qualities of the included studies were evaluated using the JBI tools. Meta-analysis with a random-effects model was conducted and odds ratio with their 95%CI were reported. This systematic review and meta-analysis are reported according to the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline.Results: The electronic and supplementary searches for this review yielded 318 records from which, only 14 of them met the inclusion criteria. The qualitative synthesis indicated that vitamin D deficient individuals were at higher risk of COVID-19 infection as compared to vitamin D sufficient patients. The pooled analysis showed that individuals with Vitamin-D deficiency were 80% more likely to acquire COVID-19 infection as compared to those who have sufficient Vitamin D levels (OR = 1.80; 95%CI: 1.72, 1.88). Begg's test also revealed that there was no significant publication bias between the studies (P = 0.764). The subgroup analysis revealed that the risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection was relatively higher in the case-control study design (OR = 1.81).Conclusions: In conclusion, low serum 25 (OH) Vitamin-D level was significantly associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 infection. The limited currently available data suggest that sufficient Vitamin D level in serum is associated with a significantly decreased risk of COVID-19 infection.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="52130">
                <text>2021</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="52131">
                <text>covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, review, vitamin D, Meta-analysis</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="52132">
                <text>10.3389/fpubh.2021.624559</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="52133">
                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="52134">
                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="52135">
                <text>Public aspects of medicine</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
