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                <text>SARS–associated Coronavirus Replication in Cell Lines</text>
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                <text>Thomas Tran, Mike Catton, Doris Chibo, Chris Birch, Julian Druce, Renata Kostecki, Matthew Kaye, Jessica Morris</text>
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                <text>Given the potential for laboratory-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infections, we must know which cell lines are susceptible to the virus. We investigated 21 cell lines routinely used for virus isolation or research. After infection with SARS-CoV, cells were observed for cytopathic effects, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure ongoing viral replication. An indirect immunofluorescence assay was also used as a confirmatory test. The study identified 10 new cell lines capable of supporting the replication of SARS-CoV and confirmed the susceptibility of 4 cell lines previously reported. This study shows that SARS-CoV can be isolated in several cell lines commonly used for diagnostic or research purposes. It also shows that SARS-CoV can achieve high titers in several cell lines, sometimes in the absence of specific cytopathic effects.</text>
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                <text>research, SARS-CoV, Cell susceptibility, cytopathic effects</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1201.050496</text>
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                <text>Coordinated Response to SARS, Vancouver, Canada</text>
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                <text>David M Patrick, Mel Krajden, Elizabeth Bryce, Allison McGeer, Diane L Roscoe, Robert C Brunham, Tim F. Booth, Martin Petric, Michael A Noble, Babak Pourbohloul, William R Bowie, Robert A. Parker, Danuta M Skowronski, Joan Tomblin, S. Aleina Tweed, Patricia Daly, Swee-Han Goh, Patrick W. Doyle, Tung C. Yang, Thomas L. Perry</text>
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                <text>Two Canadian urban areas received travelers with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) before the World Health Organization issued its alert. By July 2003, Vancouver had identified 5 cases (4 imported); Toronto reported 247 cases (3 imported) and 43 deaths. Baseline preparedness for pandemic threats may account for the absence of sustained transmission and fewer cases of SARS in Vancouver.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1201.050327</text>
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                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
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                <text>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</text>
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                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
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                <text>Real-time Estimates in Early Detection of SARS</text>
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                <text>Pierre-Yves Boelle, Roy M. Anderson, Anthony J. Hedley, Christl A. Donnelly, Neil M. Ferguson, Gabriel M. Leung, Alain-Jacques Valleron, Simon Cauchemez, Guy Thomas</text>
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                <text>We propose a Bayesian statistical framework for estimating the reproduction number R early in an epidemic. This method allows for the yet-unrecorded secondary cases if the estimate is obtained before the epidemic has ended. We applied our approach to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic that started in February 2003 in Hong Kong. Temporal patterns of R estimated after 5, 10, and 20 days were similar. Ninety-five percent credible intervals narrowed when more data were available but stabilized after 10 days. Using simulation studies of SARS-like outbreaks, we have shown that the method may be used for early monitoring of the effect of control measures.</text>
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                <text>2006</text>
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                <text>Communicable diseases, Epidemiologic methods, Population surveillance, Disease Outbreaks, Emerging, severe acute respiratory syndrome</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1201.050593</text>
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                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
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                <text>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</text>
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                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
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                <text>Vito Martella, Nicola Decaro, Canio Buonavoglia, Maria Tempesta, Gabriella Elia, Costantina Desario, Marco Campolo, Massimo Castagnaro</text>
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                <text>Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is usually responsible for mild, self-limiting infections restricted to the enteric tract. We report an outbreak of fatal disease in puppies caused by a pathogenic variant of CCoV that was isolated from organs with severe lesions.</text>
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                <text>Italy, Mortality, Dog, coronavirus, dispatch</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1203.050839</text>
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                <text>Adaptive evolution of the spike gene of SARS coronavirus: changes in positively selected sites in different epidemic groups</text>
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                <text>Wei Ji-Fu, Zhang Chi-Yu, He Shao-Heng</text>
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                <text>Abstract Background It is believed that animal-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) is the cause of the SARS outbreak worldwide. The spike (S) protein is one of the best characterized proteins of SARS-CoV, which plays a key role in SARS-CoV overcoming species barrier and accomplishing interspecies transmission from animals to humans, suggesting that it may be the major target of selective pressure. However, the process of adaptive evolution of S protein and the exact positively selected sites associated with this process remain unknown. Results By investigating the adaptive evolution of S protein, we identified twelve amino acid sites (75, 239, 244, 311, 479, 609, 613, 743, 765, 778, 1148, and 1163) in the S protein under positive selective pressure. Based on phylogenetic tree and epidemiological investigation, SARS outbreak was divided into three epidemic groups: 02–04 interspecies, 03-early-mid, and 03-late epidemic groups in the present study. Positive selection was detected in the first two groups, which represent the course of SARS-CoV interspecies transmission and of viral adaptation to human host, respectively. In contrast, purifying selection was detected in 03-late group. These indicate that S protein experiences variable positive selective pressures before reaching stabilization. A total of 25 sites in 02–04 interspecies epidemic group and 16 sites in 03-early-mid epidemic group were identified under positive selection. The identified sites were different between these two groups except for site 239, which suggests that positively selected sites are changeable between groups. Moreover, it was showed that a larger proportion (24%) of positively selected sites was located in receptor-binding domain (RBD) than in heptad repeat (HR)1-HR2 region in 02–04 interspecies epidemic group (p = 0.0208), and a greater percentage (25%) of these sites occurred in HR1–HR2 region than in RBD in 03-early-mid epidemic group (p = 0.0721). These suggest that functionally different domains of S protein may not experience same positive selection in each epidemic group. In addition, three specific replacements (F360S, T487S and L665S) were only found between 03-human SARS-CoVs and strains from 02–04 interspecies epidemic group, which reveals that selective sweep may also force the evolution of S genes before the jump of SARS-CoVs into human hosts. Since certain residues at these positively selected sites are associated with receptor recognition and/or membrane fusion, they are likely to be the crucial residues for animal-to-human transmission of SARS-CoVs, and subsequent adaptation to human hosts. Conclusion The variation of positive selective pressures and positively selected sites are likely to contribute to the adaptive evolution of S protein from animals to humans.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2006</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-6-88</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27854">
                <text>BMC Microbiology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27855">
                <text>BMC</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Microbiology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1">
                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Rapid Genome Sequencing of RNA Viruses</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27858">
                <text>Tomohiko Takasaki, Hidekazu Nishimura, Masayuki Saijo, Shigeru Morikawa, Shuetsu Fukushi, Tetsuya Mizutani, Koji Ishii, Mikako Ito, Tetsuro Suzuki, Ichiro Kurane, Chang-Kweng Lim, Hiroyuki Shimizu, Minetaro Arita, Michiko Okamoto, Kazuya Shirato, Daiji Endoh, Reiko Nerome</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27859">
                <text>We developed a system for rapid determination of viral RNA sequences whereby genomic sequence is obtained from cultured virus isolates without subcloning into plasmid vectors. This method affords new opportunities to address the challenges of unknown or untypeable emerging viruses.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2007</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27861">
                <text>West Nile Virus, direct sequencing, Whole genome amplification, SARS-CoV, Emerging infectious virus, rapid determination system</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27862">
                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1302.061032</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27863">
                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27864">
                <text>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27865">
                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1">
                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="2">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
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      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27866">
                <text>Bat Coronavirus in Brazil Related to Appalachian Ridge and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27867">
                <text>Paulo Anselmo Nunes Felippe, Helena Lage Ferreira, Paulo Vitor Marques Simas, Clarice Weis Arns, Daniel Ferreira de Lima Neto, Ana Caroline de Souza Barnabé, Márcia Mercês Aparecida Bianchi dos Santos, Leonardo Cardia Caserta, Fábio André Facco Jacomassa, Matheus Cavalheiro Martini, Ricardo Durães-Carvalho, Luiza Artacho</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27868">
                <text>2015</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27869">
                <text>Viruses, coronavirus, bats, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Tadarida brasiliensis, Appalachian Ridge virus</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27870">
                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid2104.141783</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27871">
                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27872">
                <text>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27873">
                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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  <item itemId="2976" public="1" featured="0">
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        <src>https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/aac22d519ef13f19ff6c1afd06dca303.pdf</src>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1">
                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="2">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27874">
                <text>Follow-up of Contacts of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus–Infected Returning Travelers, the Netherlands, 2014</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27875">
                <text>Suzan D. Pas, Marion Koopmans, Casper Jansen, Aura Timen, Annemiek A. van der Eijk, Eliane M. S. Leyten, Arianne B van Gageldonk-Lafeber, Madelief Mollers, Marcel Jonges, Luc B S Gelinck, Kees Dirksen, Ingrid Thurkow, Paul H.P. Groeneveld</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27876">
                <text>Notification of 2 imported cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the Netherlands triggered comprehensive monitoring of contacts. Observed low rates of virus transmission and the psychological effect of contact monitoring indicate that thoughtful assessment of close contacts is prudent and must be guided by clinical and epidemiologic risk factors.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2015</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27878">
                <text>monitoring, MERS-CoV, Psychological Effect, Contact investigation, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, IES-R</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid2109.150560</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27880">
                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27882">
                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="2">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      </elementSetContainer>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
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                <text>Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections in Healthcare Settings, Abu Dhabi</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27884">
                <text>Bashir Aden, Andrew Turner, Laila AbdelWareth, Duc T. Nguyen, Stefan Weber, Aron J. Hall, David T. Kuhar, Suxiang Tong, Alexander J. Kallen, Susan I. Gerber, Mariam Al Mulla, Huong T. Pham, Lia M Haynes, Farida Ismail Al Hosani, Kimberly Pringle, Negar N. Alami, Feda El Saleh, Wafa Al Dhaheri, Zyad Al Bandar, Sudhir Bunga, Jennifer C. Hunter, Jurgen Sasse, Brett L. Whitaker, Kheir Abu Elkheir, Ahmed Khudair, Hala Imambaccus, Nawal Al Kaabi, Farrukh Amin Sheikh, Asma Al Ameri, Wesal Abu Amer</text>
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                <text>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections sharply increased in the Arabian Peninsula during spring 2014. In Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, these infections occurred primarily among healthcare workers and patients. To identify and describe epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of persons with healthcare-associated infection, we reviewed laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported to the Health Authority of Abu Dhabi during January 1, 2013–May 9, 2014. Of 65 case-patients identified with MERS-CoV infection, 27 (42%) had healthcare-associated cases. Epidemiologic and genetic sequencing findings suggest that 3 healthcare clusters of MERS-CoV infection occurred, including 1 that resulted in 20 infected persons in 1 hospital. MERS-CoV in healthcare settings spread predominantly before MERS-CoV infection was diagnosed, underscoring the importance of increasing awareness and infection control measures at first points of entry to healthcare facilities.</text>
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                <text>2016</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Viruses, United Arab Emirates, Health-care associated infections, coronavirus infections, MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27888">
                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid2204.151615</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27889">
                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27890">
                <text>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27891">
                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Time Course of MERS-CoV Infection and Immunity in Dromedary Camels</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27893">
                <text>Péter Nagy, Christian Drosten, Marcel A. Müller, Ulrich Wernery, Benjamin Meyer, Victor M. Corman, Judit Juhasz, Rajib Barua, Aungshuman Das Gupta, Fatima Hakimuddin</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Knowledge about immunity to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels is essential for infection control and vaccination. A longitudinal study of 11 dam–calf pairs showed that calves lose maternal MERS-CoV antibodies 5–6 months postparturition and are left susceptible to infection, indicating a short window of opportunity for vaccination.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2016</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>infection, Immunity, Camel, MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Maternal antibodies</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.160382</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27900">
                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
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  </item>
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