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                <text>Risk Communication Effectiveness During COVID-19 Pandemic Among General Population in Saudi Arabia</text>
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                <text>Almuzaini Y, Mushi A, Aburas A, Yassin Y, Alamri F, Alahmari A, Yezli S, Khan AA, Jokhdar HA</text>
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                <text>Yasir Almuzaini,1 Abdulaziz Mushi,1 Alhanouf Aburas,1 Yara Yassin,1 Fahad Alamri,1 Ahmed Alahmari,1 Saber Yezli,1 Anas A Khan,1,2 Hani A Jokhdar3 1Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 12341, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia; 3Deputyship of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Yasir AlmuzainiGlobal Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaTel +966567761011Email Almuzaini.Yasir1@gmail.comPurpose: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by WHO in March 2020, is an unprecedented occurrence in our recent history. Effective risk communication by health authorities, through relaying reliable and authoritative information, is imperative in combating the spread of the outbreak. We aimed to measure the effectiveness of risk communication campaign and overall awareness during COVID-19 pandemic among the general population in Saudi Arabia.Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 5472 individuals in Saudi Arabia was conducted to assess several factors regarding the risk communication messages during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the knowledge and response of the general population toward COVID-19 and MoH efforts. The questionnaire was divided into five main sections: general knowledge of COVID-19, channels and social media platforms used perceived risk and stress or panic toward COVID-19, satisfaction and community perception, most trusted source of information, and type of information received.Results: A total of 5472 individuals participated in the study residing in Saudi Arabia. Overall knowledge of COVID-19 was determined to be above average (0.58 + 0.159). Of the general population, 57.1% perceived that the risk of getting sick with COVID-19 is low, while nearly half of the respondents (45.7%) have a high level of stress and panic toward COVID-19. The majority of responders to the questionnaire reinforced that MoH was their most trusted source of information for the COVID-19 pandemic (91.7%).Conclusion: This study showed that the risk communication campaign by healthcare authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic has improved the awareness among the general population in Saudi Arabia, where the overwhelming majority placed high trust in the MoH as its main reference for COVID-19 information.Keywords: COVID-19, risk communication, awareness, Saudi Arabia</text>
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                <text>Saudi Arabia, awareness, covid-19, Risk communication</text>
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                <text>Biotemas</text>
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                <text>Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</text>
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                <text>Public aspects of medicine</text>
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                <text>A fruticultura como instrumento de geração de renda para agricultura familiar e áreas de assentamento rural</text>
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                <text>Aloísio Costa Sampaio, Terezinha de Fátima Fumis, Aparecida Marques de Almeida, Maria José De Marchi Garcia, Maria Lúcia Pallamin, Eliane Maria Ravasi Stefano Simionato</text>
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                <text>Este projeto teve início em 2002 com a aprovação pela FAPESP de projeto de políticas públicas envolvendo várias instituições público-privadas do Município de Bauru, com o propósito de fomentar e transferir tecnologia de produção de frutíferas para pequenos produtores rurais. Escolheu-se a cultura do maracujazeiro amarelo como objeto inicial do trabalho em função da necessidade dos intensos tratos culturais nas fases de plantio, floração e colheita. Inicialmente, pesquisas de campo indicaram a seleção Afruvec como melhor material genético para plantio. Conhecendo-se a disseminação do vírus do endurecimento dos frutos (PWV), principal doença do maracujá, construiu-se uma estufa com tela anti-afídeo para produção das mudas no sistema de tubetes. Visando a transferência de tecnologia de produção, realizou-se dia de campo, reuniões e várias palestras técnicas. Durante o desenvolvimento do plantio em 2003, os produtores decidiram criar a BauruFrutas (Associação de Fruticultores de Bauru e Região), a fim facilitar o processo de comercialização e tentar obter melhor rentabilidade com a atividade. Posteriormente, foi elaborada a logomarca da Associação e com os recursos da 2a fase do projeto Fapesp, adquiriu-se linha completa de processamento de polpa para sustentabilidade da produção. Em 2005 visando dar continuidade aos trabalhos, conseguiu-se a aprovação junto ao CNPq de projeto de extensão direcionado a agregação de valor e nesse sentido, adquiriu-se equipamentos para produção da farinha da casca, utilizada na alimentação humana para redução de colesterol e diabetes e saquinhos de polpa de 100 gramas com código de barra. Visando conscientizar os produtores com o sério problema do vírus do endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro, foi realizado em outubro de 2005 um seminário sobre este assunto, que resultou na publicação de um livro com apoio dos palestrantes e da Fundação de Ensino e Pesquisa (Funep) de Jaboticabal. A Associação obteve a cessão de uso de um barracão inativo junto ao Departamento de Estradas e Rodagem (DER) que foi utilizado como entreposto para classificação e armazenamento dos frutos. A BauruFrutas após quatro anos de existência, conquistou um espaço no mercado varejista de Bauru e consolida-se como a maior atacadista de maracujá da região, produzindo e comercializando na safra 2006/2007, ao redor de 280 toneladas de maracujá amarelo, destinados para consumo in natura e industrialização.</text>
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                <text>2009</text>
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                <text>Inclusão social, maracujá, sustentabilidade</text>
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                <text>Revista Ciência em Extensão</text>
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                <text>Universidade Estadual Paulista, Pró-Reitoria de Extensão Universitária</text>
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                <text>Social Sciences, Science</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://ojs.unesp.br/index.php/revista_proex/article/view/5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://ojs.unesp.br/index.php/revista_proex/article/view/5&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Online Medical Education in Nepal: Barking a Wrong Tree</text>
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                <text>Alok Atreya, Binu Nepal</text>
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                <text>To combat the global pandemic of Covid-19, the Government of Nepal declared a country wide lockdown on 24 March, 2020. The lockdown affected all the institutions, medical schools being no exception.   To keep in pace with the academic calendar, most of the universities instructed their affiliated medical schools to start online classes for medical undergraduates. Kathmandu University which affiliates ten medical schools under its umbrella circulated a notice to start online classes. To facilitate this, the most important requisite is internet connection. A working device in the form of a laptop, desktop, or smartphone is needed to log in through the internet. After the lockdown, when all the medical schools closed, the students went home. We should not forget the fact that many students are from rural locality with no access to the internet at their home. The mobile internet data is costly and more data is consumed during video conferencing in online classes. The geographical remoteness further hinders the network coverage across the country.</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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                <text>covid-19, Nepal, online classes</text>
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                <text>Journal of Lumbini Medical College</text>
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                <text>Lumbini Medical College</text>
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                <text>Medicine (General)</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Need for Prioritizing Health: An Old War-Cry Reiterated By COVID-19</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="33860">
                <text>Alok Atreya, Samata Nepal, Rijen Shrestha</text>
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                <text>The poor state of health care in Nepal will be burdened further following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The government failed in timely stockpiling of medical supplies and equipment, development of health infrastructure, including laboratories and quarantine centres, restriction and screening of international travel and information dissemination to the general public. While efforts have now been made to increase the capacity for diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2, the government still needs to further increase the availability and accessibility throughout the country. This would be the first step in fighting the pandemic. However, it is also important to prepare for the worst case. Similarly, advocacy programs should be developed to inform the general public and alleviate their fears about the disease. These measures would not only help Nepal’s capability to respond to the COVID-19 outbreak but could lay the foundations to improve the health of the citizens in general, even after this epidemic is controlled and could go a long way in developing trust of the government in the populace.</text>
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                <text>health policy, Nepal, Pandemic, COVID-19</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.22502/jlmc.v8i1.341</text>
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                <text>Journal of Lumbini Medical College</text>
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                <text>Lumbini Medical College</text>
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                <text>Voisin’s Rational Grazing, as agroecologial sustainable route for acid-sandy soils of low natural fertility</text>
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                <text>An agroecological Voisin’s Rational Grazing production system was established in 2013 in Barinas, Venezuela, with the aim of studying a sustainable agroecological route in acid-sandy soils. A pasture of 27 ha with Urochloa brizantha and Urochloa ruziziensis was divided in 64 paddocks. Four treatments were established: application of a single dose of 1.5 Mg ha-1 asphaltic emulsion; single dose of 440 kg ha-1 of phosphoric rock; asphaltic emulsion with phosphoric rock, with the same previous dose, and control, only with Voisin’s Rational Grazing. Four replicates of each treatment were established in 16 randomly chosen paddocks in which periodic soil and vegetation samplings were carried out. The highest yields of dried matter in t ha-1 yr-1 of pasture corresponded to asphaltic emulsion (34-62) and asphaltic emulsion with phosphoric rock (54-48) in comparison to the control (22-31) and phosphoric rock (24-25) treatments, for years 2015 and 2016, respectively. This brought about better quality pastures, from the first year of the management the pasture yields tripled and an increase of the animal load from 1.2 to 3.7 LU ha-1 between 2015 and 2016, and to 4.3 LU ha-1 in 2017 was achieved. Applying a single dose of asphaltic emulsion aided to accelerate the regular increases with time. The labile fractions of P showed that Voisin’s Rational Grazing induced a high phosphoric fertility which displaced phosphorous as the main limiting factor in primary productivity of these soils of low natural fertility, that are widely distributed in savannah ecosystems and the Neotropic.</text>
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                <text>Centro Agrícola</text>
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                <text>Universidad Central Marta Abreu" de Las Villas"</text>
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                <text>La sección temática del volumen 11 del Anuario del Centro de Investigación y Estudios Políticos tiene como propósito estudiar la compleja tensión entre la imagen de responsabilidad ambiental y armonía social que Costa Rica proyecta al proyecta al mundo y su conflictiva realidad a la hora de balancear entre sostenibilidad ambiental, justicia social y el desarrollo económico. Los artículos que componen esta sección exploran las múltiples dimensiones de esta confrontación y la forma en que esta se desenvuelve en una variedad de sectores, incluyendo el desarrollo agropecuario, la conservación ambiental, la producción energética, el turismo y las políticas sobre cambio climático. Sabemos bien que dilemas y conflictos similares suceden en otros países alrededor del mundo, pero Costa Rica es un caso especial. Aunque es un país pequeño y no muy importante en la geopolítica global, históricamente, ha asumido un rol crítico como sitio de experimentación de políticas para el desarrollo sostenible. Esto ha reforzado la idea de Costa Rica como un lugar “excepcional”, previamente sustentada por la presencia de un sistema democrático progresivo, en una región caracterizada por el conflicto armado y el autoritarismo. Esta introducción ofrece un contexto económico-político de las formas peculiares en que Costa Rica ha sido construida discursivamente como un lugar excepcional a escala global</text>
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                <text>Universidad de Costa Rica</text>
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                <text>¿Cuáles son las posibilidad reales de que las negociaciones sobre el cambio climático ofrezcan una solución real a este problema? ¿Qué proyecciones de éxito podemos hacernos con base en los nuevos instrumentos para abordar el cambio climático sugeridos en las COP de Copenhague 2009 y Paris 2015? ¿Son estos instrumentos innovaciones reales en la gobernanza ambiental global o nuevas e inefectivas 'palabras de moda' en la cooperación para el desarrollo sostenible? En sencillo, ¿cómo sabemos que la discusión global sobre el cambio climático no es discurso político vacío destinado a proponer acciones tangibles respecto a un futuro incierto? Las diferentes contribuciones del libro Globalising the climate: COP21 and the climatization of global debates ofrecen interesantes e innovadoras respuestas a estas enormes preguntas existenciales de hoy.</text>
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                <text>AS QUEBRADAS DEL PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL GORGONA DENTRO DEL CONTEXTO GLOBAL: INTRODUCCIÓN AL NÚMERO ESPECIAL THE STREAMS OF GORGONA NATURAL NATIONAL PARK WITHIN THE GLObAL CONTEXT: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This paper highlights the importance of islands for proposing and testing hypotheses in stream ecology, and therefore, advocates for implementing reference studies in Gorgona Island (Colombian Pacific). It firstly summarizes past ecological studies in streams in Gorgona Island and outlines a series of papers resulting from a recent survey. These papers report that Gorgona Island exhibits a maritime climate, a tropical rainforest cover, and a basaltic and intrusive lithology, all typical features of islands elsewhere. They also describe that despite of the insular effect on stream biota, the proximity (&lt; 50 km) of the island to the Pacific coast of Colombia facilitated dispersal of many faunal and floristic components from the continent, thus providing a unique opportunity for studying coastal streams in the Biogeographic Chocó. Finally, the status of Gorgona Island as a natural park established in 1984, and a relatively well known history of land uses, may further contribute to support search programs with long-term and large-scale goals.Este artículo resalta la importancia de las islas para proponer y someter a prueba hipótesis en ecología lótica y, por lo tanto, aboga por la implementación de estudios de referencia en la Isla Gorgona (Pacífico colombiano). Primero se resumen los estudios pasados realizados en las quebradas de la isla y se bosquejan los artículos que hacen parte de éste número especial, que son el resultado de una expedición reciente. Estos artículos informan que la Isla Gorgona posee un clima marítimo, una cobertura de bosque lluvioso tropical y una litología basáltica e intrusiva, características que también son típicas de otras islas. Ellos también describen que a pesar del ''efecto isla'' en la biota lótica, la proximidad (&lt; 50 km) de la Isla a la costa Pacífica colombiana ha facilitado la dispersión de muchos componentes faunísticos y florísticos desde el continente, y por lo tanto provee una oportunidad única para estudiar las quebradas costeras en el Chocó Biogeográfico. Finalmente, la condición de parque natural establecido en 1984 y la relativamente bien conocida historia de usos pueden ayudar a apoyar programas de investigación con objetivos a largo plazo y gran escala.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194762">
                <text>2009</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="194763">
                <text>Gorgona Island, HISTORIA, Isla Gorgona, ecología lótica, history, reference sites, sitios de referencia, stream ecology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194764">
                <text>Actualidades Biológicas</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194765">
                <text>Universidad de Antioquia</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="194766">
                <text>Biology (General)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0304-35842009000200001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0304-35842009000200001&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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        <src>https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/4239f7426c247d5f533e0f322c2f139a.pdf</src>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="88121">
                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="88122">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Estudios sobre macroinvertebrados acuáticos en América Latina: avances recientes y direcciones futuras</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="161410">
                <text>Alonso Ramírez, Pablo E. Gutiérrez-Fonseca</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>América Latina es una región bastante activa en cuanto a la investigación científica, en particular con respecto al estudio de macroinvertebrados de agua dulce. La presente es una introducción al número especial que incluye proyectos recientes en América Latina. Como parte de esta introducción, realizamos un análisis de la literatura publicada en los últimos 14 años, la cual tiene un aumento continuo en las publicaciones sobre macroinvertebrados. La mayoría de los estudios en el periodo 2000-2013 fueron realizados en Brasil, Colombia, Argentina, y Costa Rica; y se enfocaron en la taxonomía y temas relacionados con la biodiversidad y la distribución. Se observó una tendencia a publicar en revistas de bajo impacto, pero también se encontraron publicaciones de alto impacto. El número especial incluye 18 trabajos de ocho países. Los temas principales fueron ecología e historia natural de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos y su uso en la evaluación de impactos antropogénicos sobre los ecosistemas acuáticos. Usando la revisión y las publicaciones de este suplemento discutimos algunas necesidades de investigación para la región, principalmente: (1) continuar con los estudios taxonómicos, (2) determinar los mecanismos responsables por los cambios en biodiversidad, (3) evaluar el papel de los macroinvertebrados en los procesos ecológicos, (4) llevar los esfuerzos de biomonitoreo más allá de los métodos unimétricos, (5) implementar una visión de ecosistema, y (6) establecer estudios a largo plazo. Este suplemento representa un esfuerzo inicial para mejorar nuestro conocimiento sobre los macroinvertebrados de agua dulce de América Latina.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="161412">
                <text>2014</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="161413">
                <text>Humedales, Lagos, estado del conocimiento, insectos acuáticos, latinoamérica, macroinvertebrados, rios</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="161414">
                <text>Revista de Biología Tropical</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="161415">
                <text>Vicerractoría Investigación</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="161416">
                <text>Biology (General)</text>
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          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="161417">
                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0034-77442014000600001&amp;amp;lng=en&amp;amp;tlng=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0034-77442014000600001&amp;amp;lng=en&amp;amp;tlng=en&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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