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                <text>Developing effective and safe vaccines is urgently needed to prevent infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)–associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine may be the first one available for clinical use because it is easy to generate; however, safety is the main concern. The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV is the major inducer of neutralizing antibodies, and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the S1 subunit of S protein contains multiple conformational neutralizing epitopes. This suggests that recombinant proteins containing RBD and vectors encoding the RBD sequence can be used to develop safe and effective SARS vaccines.</text>
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                <text>Keywords: SARS, SARS-CoV, spike protein, receptor-binding domain, Neutralizing epitone, vaccine</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1107.050219</text>
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                <text>Konrad Stadler, Anjeanette Roberts, Stephan Becker, Leatrice Vogel, Markus Eickmann, Larissa Kolesnikova, Hans-Dieter Klenk, Brian Murphy, Rino Rappuoli, Sergio Abrignani, Kanta Subbarao</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1108.041003</text>
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                <text>SARS Virus Papain-Like Protease: A Mysterious Weapon</text>
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                <text>Reza Nejat, Ahmad Shahir Sadr</text>
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                <text>Introduction: Papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS-CoV in association with 3Chemotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro or Mpro) are two proteases which auto-proteolyze replicase polyproteins pp1a/pp1ab. These poly-proteins are translated from ORF1a/ORF1b of the virus genome. Cleavage of pp1a/pp1ab releases non-structural proteins of the virus which orchestrate viral replication. In addition, PLpro as a deubiquitinase and deISGylase modifies the proteins involved in recognition of the virus by the sensors of host cell innate immunity system. In this manner, the virus reforms the ubiquitination and ISGylation of the cell proteins to progress its own replication without any interference from host cell restrictive strategies against the viruses. Furthermore, PLpro blocks IRF3 activation independent of deubiquinating processes. Besides, PLpro induces pulmonary fibrosis through pathways involving ROS and MAPK. Conclusion: Inhibition of PLpro allows innate immunity to sense and react against the invasion of SARS-CoV and to activate IRF3 to induce type I IFN expression. Thenceforth, proper development and signaling of innate immunity result in a long-term efficient cell/humoral adaptive immunity. Moreover, suppression of PLpro prevents cleavage of nsp3 and hence replication of the virus and through abolishing ubiquitin-proteasome/MAPK/ERK- and ROS/MAPK-mediated pathways prevent pulmonary fibrosis.</text>
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                <text>SARS-coronavirus, papain-like protease, ubiquitination, interferon-stimulated gene, Deubiquitination, 15 (ISG15)</text>
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                <text>10.18502/jbe.v5i4.3873</text>
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                <text>Journal of Biostatistics and Epidemiology</text>
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                <text>Tehran University of Medical Sciences</text>
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                <text>Biology (General), Probabilities. Mathematical statistics</text>
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                <text>Gee-Gwo Yang, Shinn-Zont Lin, Kuang-Wen Liao, Jen-Jyh Lee, Lih-Shinn Wang</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1002.030485</text>
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                <text>Elmira T. Isakbaeva, Nino Khetsuriani, R. Suzanne Beard, Angela Peck, Dean D. Erdman, Stephan S. Monroe, Suxiang Tong, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Sara Lowther, Indra Pandya Smith, Larry J. Anderson, Jairam Lingappa, Marc-Alain Widdowson</text>
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                <text>To better assess the risk for transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), we obtained serial specimens and clinical and exposure data from seven confirmed U.S. SARS patients and their 10 household contacts. SARS-CoV was detected in a day-14 sputum specimen from one case-patient and in five stool specimens from two case-patients. In one case-patient, SARS-CoV persisted in stool for at least 26 days after symptom onset. The highest amounts of virus were in the day-14 sputum sample and a day-14 stool sample. Residual respiratory symptoms were still present in recovered SARS case-patients 2 months after illness onset. Possible transmission of SARS-CoV occurred in one household contact, but this person had also traveled to a SARS-affected area. The data suggest that SARS-CoV is not always transmitted efficiently. Laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV infection is difficult; thus, sputum and stool specimens should be included in the diagnostic work-up for SARS-CoV infection.</text>
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                <text>severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Outbreak, SARS-associated coronavirus, Epidemiology, Transmission, natural history</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1002.030734</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Jian Wang, Hui Zhu, Ling Yang, Bo He, Jun Yu, Xiuli Liu, Bo You, Ying-zhen Wang, Jie Wen, Huan-Ming Yang, Wei-Jun Chen, Xiaoli Feng, Feng MU, Chenhui Liu, Zhao Xiang, Boliang Ding, Minghua Yan, Shengyong Huang, Jiangguo Zhang, Jianqiu Fang</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Severe acute respiratory syndrome–associatedcoronavirus (SARS-CoV) was isolated from a pig during a survey for possible routes of viral transmission after a SARS epidemic. Sequence and epidemiology analyses suggested that the pig was infected by a SARS-CoV of human origin.</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2005</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>China, swine, dispatch, interspecies transmission, &lt;!-- INSERT SHAPE --&gt;Keywords: SARS-CoV</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1103.040824</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27985">
                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="27987">
                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
              </elementText>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>SARS-coronavirus replication/transcription complexes are membrane-protected and need a host factor for activity in vitro.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="4016">
                <text>Martijn J van Hemert, Sjoerd H E van den Worm, Kèvin Knoops, A. Mieke Mommaas, Alexander E Gorbalenya, Eric J. Snijder</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) replication and transcription are mediated by a replication/transcription complex (RTC) of which virus-encoded, non-structural proteins (nsps) are the primary constituents. The 16 SARS-CoV nsps are produced by autoprocessing of two large precursor polyproteins. The RTC is believed to be associated with characteristic virus-induced double-membrane structures in the cytoplasm of SARS-CoV-infected cells. To investigate the link between these structures and viral RNA synthesis, and to dissect RTC organization and function, we isolated active RTCs from infected cells and used them to develop the first robust assay for their in vitro activity. The synthesis of genomic RNA and all eight subgenomic mRNAs was faithfully reproduced by the RTC in this in vitro system. Mainly positive-strand RNAs were synthesized and protein synthesis was not required for RTC activity in vitro. All RTC activity, enzymatic and putative membrane-spanning nsps, and viral RNA cosedimented with heavy membrane structures. Furthermore, the pelleted RTC required the addition of a cytoplasmic host factor for reconstitution of its in vitro activity. Newly synthesized subgenomic RNA appeared to be released, while genomic RNA remained predominantly associated with the RTC-containing fraction. RTC activity was destroyed by detergent treatment, suggesting an important role for membranes. The RTC appeared to be protected by membranes, as newly synthesized viral RNA and several replicase/transcriptase subunits were protease- and nuclease-resistant and became susceptible to degradation only upon addition of a non-ionic detergent. Our data establish a vital functional dependence of SARS-CoV RNA synthesis on virus-induced membrane structures.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000054</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="4020">
                <text>PLoS Pathogens</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Biology (General), Immunologic diseases. Allergy</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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  <item itemId="336" public="1" featured="0">
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        <src>https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/ebda622ec55435527a0c098ba31264c4.pdf</src>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="2">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>SARS-CoV 9b protein diffuses into nucleus, undergoes active Crm1 mediated nucleocytoplasmic export and triggers apoptosis when retained in the nucleus.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="3101">
                <text>Kulbhushan Sharma, Sara Åkerström, Anuj Kumar Sharma, Vincent T. K. Chow, Shumein Teow, Bernard Abrenica, Stephanie A. Booth, Timothy F Booth, Ali Mirazimi, Sunil K. Lal</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>BACKGROUND: 9b is an accessory protein of the SARS-CoV. It is a small protein of 98 amino acids and its structure has been solved recently. 9b is known to localize in the extra-nuclear region and has been postulated to possess a nuclear export signal (NES), however the role of NES in 9b functioning is not well understood. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS/METHODOLOGY: In this report, we demonstrate that 9b in the absence of any nuclear localization signal (NLS) enters the nucleus by passive transport. Using various cell cycle inhibitors, we have shown that the nuclear entry of 9b is independent of the cell cycle. Further, we found that 9b interacts with the cellular protein Crm1 and gets exported out of the nucleus using an active NES. We have also revealed that this NES activity influences the half-life of 9b and affects host cell death. We found that an export signal deficient SARS-CoV 9b protein induces apoptosis in transiently transfected cells and showed elevated caspase-3 activity. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Here, we showed that nuclear shuttling of 9b and its interaction with Crm1 are essential for the proper degradation of 9b and blocking the nuclear export of this protein induces apoptosis. This phenomenon may be critical in providing a novel role to the 9b accessory protein of SARS-CoV.</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2011</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019436</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="3105">
                <text>PLoS ONE</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Science, Medicine</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted through the air between ferrets over more than one meter distance</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="75664">
                <text>Jasmin S. Kutter, Dennis de Meulder, Theo M. Bestebroer, Pascal Lexmond, Ard Mulders, Mathilde Richard, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Sander Herfst</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Some epidemiological data suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through the air over longer distances. Here, Kutter et al. show in the ferret model that SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV can be transmitted through the air over more than a meter distance, however, data should be interpreted with care, as ferrets are likely more susceptible to coronavirus infections.</text>
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                <text>2021</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>10.1038/s41467-021-21918-6</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20702">
                <text>SARS-CoV Antibody Prevalence in All Hong Kong Patient Contacts</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20703">
                <text>Gabriel M. Leung, Puihong Chung, Thomas Tsang, Wilina Lim, Steve K.K. Chan, Patsy Chau, Christl A. Donnelly, Azra C. Ghani, Christophe Fraser, Steven Riley, Neil M. Ferguson, Roy M. Anderson, Yuk-lung Law, Tina Mok, Tonny Ng, Alex Fu, Pak-Yin Leung, JS Malik Peiris, Tai-Hing Lam, Anthony J. Hedley</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20704">
                <text>A total of 1,068 asymptomatic close contacts of patients with severe acute respiratory (SARS) from the 2003 epidemic in Hong Kong were serologically tested, and 2 (0.19%) were positive for SARS coronavirus immunoglobulin G antibody. SARS rarely manifests as a subclinical infection, and at present, wild animal species are the only important natural reservoirs of the virus.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20705">
                <text>2004</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20706">
                <text>seroprevalence, SARS, Hong Kong, SARS-CoV, dispatch</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20707">
                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1009.040155</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20708">
                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20709">
                <text>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20710">
                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20711">
                <text>EN</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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