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                <text>Response to the COVID-19 Epidemic: The Chinese Experience and Implications for Other Countries</text>
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                <text>Xiao-Guang Yue, Wei Liu, Paul  B. Tchounwou</text>
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                <text>The ongoing outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that occurred in China is rapidly spreading globally. China’s bond and strict containment measures have been proved (in practice) to significantly reduce the spread of the epidemic. This was obtained through the use of emergency control measures in the epidemic areas and the integration of resources from multiple systems, including business, community, technology, education, and transportation, across the country. In order to better understand how China has managed to reduce the public health and economic impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic, this editorial systematically reviews the specific measures for infection prevention and control of the disease. The best practices for COVID-19 eradication in China provide evidence-based strategies that could be replicated in other countries.</text>
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                <text>Recently, a novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019–nCoV) outbreak occurred in Wuhan, China, rapidly spreading first to the whole country, and then globally, causing widespread concern. From the perspectives of early warning and identification of risk, risk monitoring, and analysis, as well as risk management and handling, we propose corresponding solutions and recommendations, which include institutional cooperation, and to inform national and international policy-makers.</text>
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                <text>Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a heavy burden on society. However, due to the complex etiology of RTIs, the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these infections remain challenging, especially in developing countries.To determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 18 respiratory pathogens, we analyzed 12,502 patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) by performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on patient pharyngeal swabs.Samples positive for at least 1 pathogen were obtained from 48.42% of the total patients. Of these pathogen-positive patients, 17.99% were infected with more than 1 pathogen. Of the 18 pathogens analyzed, four were detected with a positive detection rate (PDR) &gt; 5%: influenza A virus (IAV) &gt; respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) &gt;Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) &gt; human coronavirus (HCoV). The pathogens with the 4 highest co-infection rates (CIRs) were as follows: HCoV &gt; human bocavirus (HBoV) &gt; enterovirus (EV) &gt; parainfluenza virus (PIV). The overall positive detection rate (PDR) varied significantly according to patient age, the season and year of detection, and the disease subgroup, but not according to patient sex. The individual PDRs of the pathogens followed 3 types of distributions for patient sex, 4 types of distributions for patient age, 4 types of seasonal distributions, 2 types of seasonal epidemic trends, 4 types of yearly epidemic trends, and different susceptibility distributions in the disease subgroups. Additionally, the overall CIR showed significantly different distributions according to patient sex, patient age, and the disease subgroup, whereas the CIRs of individual pathogens suggested significant preference characteristics.IAV remains the most common pathogen among the pathogens analyzed. More effort should be directed toward the prevention and control of pathogens that show a trend of increasing incidence such as HCoV, human adenovirus (ADV), and RSV. Although clinically distinguishing specific pathogens responsible for RTIs is difficult, the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the various RTI-causing agents could provide clues for clinicians, thereby informing decisions regarding prevention and medication and guiding appropriate public health strategies.</text>
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                <text>The SARS Coronavirus S Glycoprotein Receptor Binding Domain: Fine Mapping and Functional Characterization</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20938">
                <text>Xiao-xiao Dong, Prabakaran Ponraj, Chakraborti Samitabh, Dimitrov Dimiter S</text>
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                <text>Abstract The entry of the SARS coronavirus (SCV) into cells is initiated by binding of its spike envelope glycoprotein (S) to a receptor, ACE2. We and others identified the receptor-binding domain (RBD) by using S fragments of various lengths but all including the amino acid residue 318 and two other potential glycosylation sites. To further characterize the role of glycosylation and identify residues important for its function as an interacting partner of ACE2, we have cloned, expressed and characterized various soluble fragments of S containing RBD, and mutated all potential glycosylation sites and 32 other residues. The shortest of these fragments still able to bind the receptor ACE2 did not include residue 318 (which is a potential glycosylation site), but started at residue 319, and has only two potential glycosylation sites (residues 330 and 357). Mutation of each of these sites to either alanine or glutamine, as well as mutation of residue 318 to alanine in longer fragments resulted in the same decrease of molecular weight (by approximately 3 kDa) suggesting that all glycosylation sites are functional. Simultaneous mutation of all glycosylation sites resulted in lack of expression suggesting that at least one glycosylation site (any of the three) is required for expression. Glycosylation did not affect binding to ACE2. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the fragment S319–518 resulted in the identification of ten residues (K390, R426, D429, T431, I455, N473, F483, Q492, Y494, R495) that significantly reduced binding to ACE2, and one residue (D393) that appears to increase binding. Mutation of residue T431 reduced binding by about 2-fold, and mutation of the other eight residues – by more than 10-fold. Analysis of these data and the mapping of these mutations on the recently determined crystal structure of a fragment containing the RBD complexed to ACE2 (Li, F, Li, W, Farzan, M, and Harrison, S. C., submitted) suggested the existence of two hot spots on the S RBD surface, R426 and N473, which are likely to contribute significant portion of the binding energy. The finding that most of the mutations (23 out of 34 including glycosylation sites) do not affect the RBD binding function indicates possible mechanisms for evasion of immune responses.</text>
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                <text>2005</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-2-73</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20942">
                <text>Virology Journal</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20943">
                <text>BMC</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>EN</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Nucleocapsid Protein as Early Diagnostic Marker for SARS</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="18348">
                <text>Xiao-Yan Che, Wei Hao, Yadi Wang, Biao Di, Kai Yin, Yin-Chao Xu, Changsen Feng, Zhuo-Yue Wan, Vincent C.C. Cheng, Patrick C. Y. Woo</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="18349">
                <text>Serum samples from 317 patients with patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were tested for the nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-associated coronavirus, with sensitivities of 94% and 78% for the first 5 days and 6–10 days after onset, respectively. The specificity was 99.9%. N protein can be used as an early diagnostic maker for SARS.</text>
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                <text>2004</text>
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                <text>SARS-CoV, Nucleocapsid protein, Monoclonal antibody, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Early diagnosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome, dispatch, China</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1011.040516</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="18355">
                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>EN</text>
              </elementText>
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  <item itemId="210" public="1" featured="0">
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1942">
                <text>Systematic clustering of transcription start site landscapes.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1943">
                <text>Xiaobei Zhao, Eivind Valen, Brian J Parker, Albin Sandelin</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Genome-wide, high-throughput methods for transcription start site (TSS) detection have shown that most promoters have an array of neighboring TSSs where some are used more than others, forming a distribution of initiation propensities. TSS distributions (TSSDs) vary widely between promoters and earlier studies have shown that the TSSDs have biological implications in both regulation and function. However, no systematic study has been made to explore how many types of TSSDs and by extension core promoters exist and to understand which biological features distinguish them. In this study, we developed a new non-parametric dissimilarity measure and clustering approach to explore the similarities and stabilities of clusters of TSSDs. Previous studies have used arbitrary thresholds to arrive at two general classes: broad and sharp. We demonstrated that in addition to the previous broad/sharp dichotomy an additional category of promoters exists. Unlike typical TATA-driven sharp TSSDs where the TSS position can vary a few nucleotides, in this category virtually all TSSs originate from the same genomic position. These promoters lack epigenetic signatures of typical mRNA promoters and a substantial subset of them are mapping upstream of ribosomal protein pseudogenes. We present evidence that these are likely mapping errors, which have confounded earlier analyses, due to the high similarity of ribosomal gene promoters in combination with known G addition bias in the CAGE libraries. Thus, previous two-class separations of promoter based on TSS distributions are motivated, but the ultra-sharp TSS distributions will confound downstream analyses if not removed.</text>
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                <text>2011</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1946">
                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023409</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1947">
                <text>PLoS ONE</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</text>
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                <text>Science, Medicine</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Action mechanisms of lithium chloride on cell infection by transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus.</text>
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                <text>Xiaofeng Ren, Fandan Meng, Jiechao Yin, Guangxing Li, Xunliang Li, Chao Wang, Georg Herrler</text>
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                <text>Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine coronavirus. Lithium chloride (LiCl) has been found to be effective against several DNA viruses, such as Herpes simplex virus and vaccinia virus. Recently, we and others have reported the inhibitory effect of LiCl on avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV) infection, an RNA virus. In the current study, the action mechanism of LiCl on cell infection by TGEV was investigated. Plaque assays and 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenyl tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assays showed that the cell infection by TGEV was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, when LiCl was added to virus-infected cells; the cell infection was not affected when either cells or viruses were pretreated with the drug. The inhibition of TGEV infection in vitro by LiCl was observed at different virus doses and with different cell lines. The inhibitory effect of LiCl against TGEV infection and transcription was confirmed by RT-PCR and real-time PCR targeting viral S and 3CL-protease genes. The time-of-addition effect of the drug on TGEV infection indicated that LiCl acted on the initial and late stage of TGEV infection. The production of virus was not detected at 36 h post-infection due to the drug treatment. Moreover, immunofluorescence (IF) and flow cytometry analyses based on staining of Annexin V and propidium iodide staining of nuclei indicated that early and late cell apoptosis induced by TGEV was inhibited efficiently. The ability of LiCl to inhibit apoptosis was investigated by IF analysis of caspase-3 expression. Our data indicate that LiCl inhibits TGEV infection by exerting an anti-apoptotic effect. The inhibitory effect of LiCl was also observed with porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus. Together with other reports concerning the inhibitory effect of lithium salts on IBV in cell culture, our results indicate that LiCl may be a potent agent against porcine and avian coronaviruses.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018669</text>
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                <text>PLoS ONE</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Krebs Von den Lungen-6 as a predictive indicator for the risk of secondary pulmonary fibrosis and its reversibility in COVID-19 patients.</text>
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                <text>Xiaohua Douglas Zhang, Teng Zhang, Mingshan Xue, Hao Chen, Yifeng Zeng, Runpei Lin, Yingjie Zhen, Ning Li, Zhifeng Huang, Haisheng Hu, Luqian Zhou, Hui Wang, Baoqing Sun</text>
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                <text>Dysregulated immune response and abnormal repairment could cause secondary pulmonary fibrosis of varying severity in COVID-19, especially for the elders. The Krebs Von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) as a sensitive marker reflects the degree of fibrosis and this study will focus on analyzing the evaluative efficacy and predictive role of KL-6 in COVID-19 secondary pulmonary fibrosis. The study lasted more than three months and included total 289 COVID-19 patients who were divided into moderate (n=226) and severe groups (n=63) according to the severity of illness. Clinical information such as inflammation indicators, radiological results and lung function tests were collected. The time points of nucleic acid test were also recorded. Furthermore, based on Chest radiology detection, it was identified that 80 (27.7%) patients developed reversible pulmonary fibrosis and 34 (11.8%) patients developed irreversible pulmonary fibrosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis shows that KL-6 could diagnose the severity of COVID-19 (AUC=0.862) and predict the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis (AUC = 0.741) and irreversible pulmonary fibrosis (AUC=0.872). Importantly, the cross-correlation analysis demonstrates that KL-6 rises earlier than the development of lung radiology fibrosis, thus also illuminating the predictive function of KL-6. We set specific values (505U/mL and 674U/mL) for KL-6 in order to assess the risk of pulmonary fibrosis after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The survival curves for days in hospital show that the higher the KL-6 levels, the longer the hospital stay (P&lt;0.0001). In conclusion, KL-6 could be used as an important predictor to evaluate the secondary pulmonary fibrosis degree for COVID-19.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59698">
                <text>2021</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>pulmonary fibrosis, Coronavirus disease 2019, Krebs von den Lungen-6</text>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59700">
                <text>10.7150/ijbs.58825</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Source</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="59701">
                <text>International journal of biological sciences</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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        <src>https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/dfcfb46835bf952e801c4ca24588ebc0.pdf</src>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>The Impact of COVID-19 on the Insurance Industry</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="56981">
                <text>Xiaohua Yang, Pius Babuna, Dehui Bian, Amatus Gyilbag, Doris  Abra Awudi, David Ngmenbelle</text>
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                <text>This study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on the insurance industry by studying the case of Ghana from March to June 2020. With a parallel comparison to previous pandemics such as SARS-CoV, H1N1 and MERS, we developed outlines for simulating the impact of the pandemic on the insurance industry. The study used qualitative and quantitative interviews to estimate the impact of the pandemic. Presently, the trend is an economic recession with decreasing profits but increasing claims. Due to the cancellation of travels, events and other economic losses, the Ghanaian insurance industry witnessed a loss currently estimated at GH Ȼ112 million. Our comparison and forecast predicts a normalization of economic indicators from January 2021. In the meantime, while the pandemic persists, insurers should adapt to working from remote locations, train and equip staff to work under social distancing regulations, enhance cybersecurity protocols and simplify claims/premium processing using e-payment channels. It will require the collaboration of the Ghana Ministry of Health, Banking Sector, Police Department, Customs Excise and Preventive Service, other relevant Ministries and the international community to bring the pandemic to a stop.</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>coronavirus, covid-19, Pandemic, Infection rate, insurance industry, National Insurance Commission</text>
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                <text>10.3390/ijerph17165766</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>Medicine</text>
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