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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Pneumonia severity index in viral community acquired pneumonia in adults.</text>
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                <text>Mi Ae Kim, Jae Seok Park, Choong Won Lee, Wonil Choi</text>
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                <text>Pneumonia severity index (PSI) is an important scoring system that can assess the severity of community acquired pneumonia and determine admission status. However, there is a lack of research on whether this scoring system can be applied to viral community acquired pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of PSI in viral community acquired pneumonia. This retrospective cohort study included 1,434 adult patients (aged ≥18 years) who were admitted to the emergency department of a university hospital during 2013-2015 because of community-acquired pneumonia. Viral infections were diagnosed by multiplex PCR. Patients diagnosed with non-viral community-acquired pneumonia were included in the control group (N = 1,173). The main outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality. multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to calculate the risk of death. Respiratory viruses were detected in 261 (18.2%) patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Two types of respiratory viruses were detected in 7 cases. Of the 254 cases detected with only one virus, 62 were influenza A, 18 were influenza B, 65 were rhinovirus, 35 were respiratory syncytial virus, 25 were metapneumovirus, 20 were parainfluenza, 17 were coronavirus, 7 were bocavirus, and 5 were adenovirus. Mortality was not significantly different between patients with respiratory virus and those without respiratory virus; the 30-day all-cause mortality rates were 20.3% and 22.4%, respectively (P = 0.45). Mortality rate increased with an increasing PSI score with or without respiratory viral infection. Pulmonary severity index was significantly associated with mortality adjusted for respiratory virus detection (hazard ratio = 1.024, 95% confidence interval = 1.020-1.028). Pneumonia severity index score is an important factor for assessing the prognosis of patients with community-acquired pneumonia, regardless of respiratory virus detection.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210102</text>
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                <text>PLoS ONE</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Factors Influencing the Response to Infectious Diseases: Focusing on the Case of SARS and MERS in South Korea</text>
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                <text>Kyu-Myoung Lee, Kyujin Jung</text>
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                <text>Following the 2003 the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in South Korea, this research aims to explore and examine the factors influencing the response to infectious diseases, which encompasses both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Through a qualitative research method, this research categorizes the factors as inputs, processes and outputs and applies them into the 2003 SARS and MERS outbreak in South Korea. As the results conducted meta-analyses to comprehensively analyze the correlations of factors influencing disaster response from a Korean context, the findings show that the legislative factor had direct and indirect influence on the overall process of infectious disease response and that Leadership of the central government, establishment of an intergovernmental response system, the need for communication, information sharing and disclosure and onsite response were identified as key factors influencing effective infectious disease response.</text>
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                <text>infectious diseases, meta-analyses, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), South Korea</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081432</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</text>
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                <text>Medicine</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>The coronavirus macrodomain is required to prevent PARP-mediated inhibition of virus replication and enhancement of IFN expression.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Matthew E Grunewald, Ya-Ting Chen, Chad Kuny, Takashi Maejima, Robert Lease, Dana Ferraris, Masanori Aikawa, Christopher S. Sullivan, Stanley Perlman, Anthony R. Fehr</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>ADP-ribosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational addition of either monomers or polymers of ADP-ribose to target proteins by ADP-ribosyltransferases, usually by interferon-inducible diphtheria toxin-like enzymes known as PARPs. While several PARPs have known antiviral activities, these activities are mostly independent of ADP-ribosylation. Consequently, less is known about the antiviral effects of ADP-ribosylation. Several viral families, including Coronaviridae, Togaviridae, and Hepeviridae, encode for macrodomain proteins that bind to and hydrolyze ADP-ribose from proteins and are critical for optimal replication and virulence. These results suggest that macrodomains counter cellular ADP-ribosylation, but whether PARPs or, alternatively, other ADP-ribosyltransferases cause this modification is not clear. Here we show that pan-PARP inhibition enhanced replication and inhibited interferon production in primary macrophages infected with macrodomain-mutant but not wild-type coronavirus. Specifically, knockdown of two abundantly expressed PARPs, PARP12 and PARP14, led to increased replication of mutant but did not significantly affect wild-type virus. PARP14 was also important for the induction of interferon in mouse and human cells, indicating a critical role for this PARP in the regulation of innate immunity. In summary, these data demonstrate that the macrodomain is required to prevent PARP-mediated inhibition of coronavirus replication and enhancement of interferon production.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007756</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>PLoS Pathogens</text>
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                <text>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</text>
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                <text>Biology (General), Immunologic diseases. Allergy</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Recent Advances in the Vaccine Development Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Chean Yeah Yong, Hui Kian Ong, Swee Keong Yeap, Kok Lian Ho, Wen Siang Tan</text>
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                <text>Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a deadly viral respiratory disease caused by MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. To date, there is no specific treatment proven effective against this viral disease. In addition, no vaccine has been licensed to prevent MERS-CoV infection thus far. Therefore, our current review focuses on the most recent studies in search of an effective MERS vaccine. Overall, vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV are mainly based upon the viral spike (S) protein, due to its vital role in the viral infectivity, although several studies focused on other viral proteins such as the nucleocapsid (N) protein, envelope (E) protein, and non-structural protein 16 (NSP16) have also been reported. In general, the potential vaccine candidates can be classified into six types: viral vector-based vaccine, DNA vaccine, subunit vaccine, nanoparticle-based vaccine, inactivated-whole virus vaccine and live-attenuated vaccine, which are discussed in detail. Besides, the immune responses and potential antibody dependent enhancement of MERS-CoV infection are extensively reviewed. In addition, animal models used to study MERS-CoV and evaluate the vaccine candidates are discussed intensively.</text>
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                <text>Middle East respiratory syndrome, coronavirus, Animal model, vaccine, Antibody-Dependent Enhancement</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01781</text>
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                <text>Frontiers in Microbiology</text>
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                <text>Frontiers Media S.A.</text>
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                <text>Microbiology</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Worldwide Reduction in MERS Cases and Deaths since 2016</text>
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                <text>Christl A. Donnelly, Mamun R. Malik, Amgad Elkholy, Simon Cauchemez, Maria D. Van Kerkhove</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Since 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus has infected 2,442 persons worldwide. Case-based data analysis suggests that since 2016, as many as 1,465 cases and 293–520 deaths might have been averted. Efforts to reduce the global MERS threat are working, but countries must maintain vigilance to prevent further infections.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid2509.190143</text>
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                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Structure-Antibacterial Activity Relationships of N-Substituted-(d-/l-Alaninyl) 1H-1,2,3-Triazolylmethyl Oxazolidinones</text>
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                <text>Oludotun Adebayo Phillips, Edet Ekpenyong Udo, Roselyn  Jennifer D’silva</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Bacterial resistance towards the existing class of antibacterial drugs continues to increase, posing a significant threat to the clinical usefulness of these drugs. These increasing and alarming rates of antibacterial resistance development and the decline in the number of new antibacterial drugs&amp;rsquo; approval continue to serve as a major impetus for research into the discovery and development of new antibacterial agents. We synthesized a series of d-/l-alaninyl substituted triazolyl oxazolidinone derivatives and evaluated their antibacterial activity against selected standard Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Overall, the compounds showed moderate to strong antibacterial activity. Compounds 9d and 10d (d- and l-alaninyl derivatives bearing the 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl substituent), 10e (l-alaninyl derivative bearing the 5-nitrofurancarbonyl group) and 9f and 10f (d- and l-alaninyl derivatives bearing the 5-nitrothiophene carbonyl moiety) demonstrated antibacterial activity (MIC: 2 &amp;micro;g/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis and Moraxella catarrhalis standard bacterial strains. No significant differences were noticeable between the antibacterial activity of the d- and l-alaninyl derivatives as a result of the stereochemistry of the compounds.</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Antibacterial, Linezolid, SARS, alaninyl-oxazolidinone, triazolyl-oxazolidinone</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20121">
                <text>DOI: 10.3390/scipharm86040042</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Scientia Pharmaceutica</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Österreichische Apotheker-Verlagsgesellschaft m. b. H.</text>
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                <text>Pharmacy and materia medica</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20125">
                <text>EN</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Nuevo coronavirus 2019-ncov: impacto en salud global</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20127">
                <text>Eddy Perez-Then</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Se trata de una revisión sistemática de una selección de artículos publicados en diferentes fuentes de información, post aparición del primer caso de 2019-nCoV en China, que incluye la infor-mación disponible a febrero 2 del año 2020 sobre diferentes aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos de la epidemia.  Se incluye también un análisis comparativo de la forma de transmisión, origen, mortalidad, período de incubación y el número reproductivo básico (R0) o la velocidad con que una enfermedad puede propagarse en una población, de este nuevo coronavirus (2019-nCoV), con la evidencia disponible de estos parámetros para el SARS-CoV y el MERS-CoV, al 2 de febrero del año 2020.  Se concluye recomendando la creación de unidades de salud global, lo cual podría favorecer que el sistema de salud perpetúe su impacto en los indicadores de salud de entidades de mayor prevalencia y de comportamiento endémico, mientras que, dichas unidades, orienten los esfuerzos a la implementación efectiva de las medidas de contención y prevención de brotes epidémicos en puertos de entrada y puntos estratégicos de una nación en particular, así como también mejorar la interconexión con otras unidades de similar envergadura y objetivos, en un principio, a nivel regional, pero, como fin último, a nivel global.</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2020</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>virus, Salud Pública, coronavirus, 2019ncov, salud global</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20131">
                <text>DOI: 10.22206/cysa.2020.v4i1.pp5-9</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20132">
                <text>Ciencia y Salud</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20133">
                <text>Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo (INTEC)</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Public aspects of medicine, Medicine (General)</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20135">
                <text>ES</text>
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  <item itemId="2096" public="1" featured="0">
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              <name>Title</name>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Characteristics of and Public Health Responses to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in China</text>
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                <text>Sheng-Qun Deng, Hong-Juan Peng</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>In December 2019, cases of unidentified pneumonia with a history of exposure in the Huanan Seafood Market were reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was identified to be accountable for this disease. Human-to-human transmission is confirmed, and this disease (named COVID-19 by World Health Organization (WHO)) spread rapidly around the country and the world. As of 18 February 2020, the number of confirmed cases had reached 75,199 with 2009 fatalities. The COVID-19 resulted in a much lower case-fatality rate (about 2.67%) among the confirmed cases, compared with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Among the symptom composition of the 45 fatality cases collected from the released official reports, the top four are fever, cough, short of breath, and chest tightness/pain. The major comorbidities of the fatality cases include hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction, and chronic bronchitis. The source of the virus and the pathogenesis of this disease are still unconfirmed. No specific therapeutic drug has been found. The Chinese Government has initiated a level-1 public health response to prevent the spread of the disease. Meanwhile, it is also crucial to speed up the development of vaccines and drugs for treatment, which will enable us to defeat COVID-19 as soon as possible.</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>coronavirus, Pneumonia, 2019ncov, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, prevention and control, treatment, Public Health, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020575</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20142">
                <text>Journal of Clinical Medicine</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>MDPI AG</text>
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                <text>Medicine</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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                <text>Communicating the Risk of Death from Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)</text>
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                <text>Tetsuro Kobayashi, Sung-Mok Jung, Natalie  M. Linton, Ryo Kinoshita, Katsuma Hayashi, Takeshi Miyama, Asami Anzai, Yichi Yang, Baoyin Yuan, Andrei R. Akhmetzhanov, Ayako Suzuki, Hiroshi Nishiura</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>To understand the severity of infection for a given disease, it is common epidemiological practice to estimate the case fatality risk, defined as the risk of death among cases. However, there are three technical obstacles that should be addressed to appropriately measure this risk. First, division of the cumulative number of deaths by that of cases tends to underestimate the actual risk because deaths that will occur have not yet observed, and so the delay in time from illness onset to death must be addressed. Second, the observed dataset of reported cases represents only a proportion of all infected individuals and there can be a substantial number of asymptomatic and mildly infected individuals who are never diagnosed. Third, ascertainment bias and risk of death among all those infected would be smaller when estimated using shorter virus detection windows and less sensitive diagnostic laboratory tests. In the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic, health authorities must cope with the uncertainty in the risk of death from COVID-19, and high-risk individuals should be identified using approaches that can address the abovementioned three problems. Although COVID-19 involves mostly mild infections among the majority of the general population, the risk of death among young adults is higher than that of seasonal influenza, and elderly with underlying comorbidities require additional care.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20149">
                <text>2020</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20150">
                <text>Fatality, Virulence, virus, Statistical estimation, emerging infectious diseases</text>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20151">
                <text>DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020580</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20152">
                <text>Journal of Clinical Medicine</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>MDPI AG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20154">
                <text>Medicine</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20155">
                <text>EN</text>
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  <item itemId="2098" public="1" featured="0">
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        <src>https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/4cf9b5331da4de70a9a27fdd0a11cd30.pdf</src>
        <authentication>e3b5ea13bf4dbacf657c0e2cabd52069</authentication>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Canine respiratory coronavirus employs caveolin-1-mediated pathway for internalization to HRT-18G cells</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20157">
                <text>Artur Szczepanski, Katarzyna  Owczarek, Aleksandra Milewska, Zbigniew Baster, Zenon Rajfur, Judy  A Mitchell, Krzysztof Pyrc</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20158">
                <text>Abstract Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), identified in 2003, is a member of the Coronaviridae family. The virus is a betacoronavirus and a close relative of human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus. Here, we examined entry of CRCoV into human rectal tumor cells (HRT-18G cell line) by analyzing co-localization of single virus particles with cellular markers in the presence or absence of chemical inhibitors of pathways potentially involved in virus entry. We also targeted these pathways using siRNA. The results show that the virus hijacks caveolin-dependent endocytosis to enter cells via endocytic internalization.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20159">
                <text>2018</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20160">
                <text>DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0551-9</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20161">
                <text>Veterinary Research</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20162">
                <text>BMC</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20163">
                <text>Veterinary medicine</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20164">
                <text>EN</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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