217 10 20655 https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/b300d96acf11815f52be148efbcbff28.pdf c9f2445c7dc1713bb9c61b173446abc0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Cruise Ship Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Francesco Baldi, Fredrik Ahlgren, Tuong-Van Nguyen, Marcus Thern, Karin Andersson Description An account of the resource In recent years, the International Maritime Organization agreed on aiming to reduce shipping’s greenhouse gas emissions by 50% with respect to 2009 levels. Meanwhile, cruise ship tourism is growing at a fast pace, making the challenge of achieving this goal even harder. The complexity of the energy system of these ships makes them of particular interest from an energy systems perspective. To illustrate this, we analyzed the energy and exergy flow rates of a cruise ship sailing in the Baltic Sea based on measurements from one year of the ship’s operations. The energy analysis allows identifying propulsion as the main energy user (46% of the total) followed by heat (27%) and electric power (27%) generation; the exergy analysis allowed instead identifying the main inefficiencies of the system: while exergy is primarily destroyed in all processes involving combustion (76% of the total), the other main causes of exergy destruction are the turbochargers, the heat recovery steam generators, the steam heaters, the preheater in the accommodation heating systems, the sea water coolers, and the electric generators; the main exergy losses take place in the exhaust gas of the engines not equipped with heat recovery devices. The application of clustering of the ship’s operations based on the concept of typical operational days suggests that the use of five typical days provides a good approximation of the yearly ship’s operations and can hence be used for the design and optimization of the energy systems of the ship. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Subject The topic of the resource low carbon shipping, energy analysis, exergy analysis, energy efficiency Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.3390/en11102508 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Energies Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available MDPI AG Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Technology Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/22a4cb0d70388d87ddef620f788ca490.pdf 940f612603d8351318443984636e25f2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tracking viral particles in the intestinal contents of the American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, by Transmission Electron Microscopy Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource A.M. Antonucci, M.H. Catroxo, M. Hipolito, R.M. Takemoto, N.A. Melo, F.M. França, P. C. Teixeira, C.M. Ferreira Description An account of the resource Feces are an important viral agent elimination route for infected carrier animals and in aquatic organisms these pathogenic agents can very rapidly propagate due to the habitation environment. The objective of this work is to track viral particles in the intestinal contents of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from five commercial frog farms in the region of Vale do Paraíba, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, using negative contrast transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Coronaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae and Herpesviridae families were observed and photographed in specimens. This work emphasizes the importance of adopting sanitary measures in commercial farms and confirms that observing feces by TEM is an efficient and rapid diagnostic tool for detecting viral agents. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Subject The topic of the resource anfíbios, herpesvírus, coronavirus, paramixovírus, parvovirus Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1590/1678-41626459 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Animal culture Language A language of the resource EN, PT https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/d261eadf497b784580ae03e608732ae4.pdf f910364016af3923dc4f08e15eb56b66 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Virus-induced exacerbations in asthma and COPD Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Daisuke eKurai, Takeshi eSaraya, Haruyuki eIshii, Hajime eTakizawa Description An account of the resource Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and/or airflow limitation due to pulmonary emphysema. Chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, and bronchial asthma may all be associated with airflow limitation; therefore, exacerbation of asthma may be associated with the pathophysiology of COPD. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that the exacerbation of asthma, namely virus-induced asthma, may be associated with a wide variety of respiratory viruses.COPD and asthma have different underlying pathophysiological processes and thus require individual therapies. Exacerbation of both COPD and asthma, which are basically defined and diagnosed by clinical symptoms, is associated with a rapid decline in lung function and increased mortality. Similar pathogens, including human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and coronavirus, are also frequently detected during exacerbation of asthma and/or COPD. Immune response to respiratory viral infections, which may be related to the severity of exacerbation in each disease, varies in patients with both COPD and asthma. In this regard, it is crucial to recognize and understand both the similarities and differences of clinical features in patients with COPD and/or asthma associated with respiratory viral infections, especially in the exacerbative stage.In relation to definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology, this review aims to summarize current knowledge concerning exacerbation of both COPD and asthma by focusing on the clinical significance of associated respiratory virus infections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Subject The topic of the resource Asthma, COPD, overlap syndrome, exacerbation, Human rhinovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00293 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frontiers in Microbiology Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Frontiers Media S.A. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Microbiology Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/b4483e994d56f4b14efc3ecb4ed4e1cc.pdf 8f8cb8c3e079eff276661d61e1e30fe4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Recent Trend and Advance of Synthetic Aperture Radar with Selected Topics Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kazuo Ouchi Description An account of the resource The present article is an introductory paper in this special issue on synthetic aperture radar (SAR). A short review is presented on the recent trend and development of SAR and related techniques with selected topics, including the fields of applications, specifications of airborne and spaceborne SARs, and information contents in and interpretations of amplitude data, interferometric SAR (InSAR) data, and polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data. The review is by no means extensive, and as such only brief summaries of of each selected topics and key references are provided. For further details, the readers are recommended to read the literature given in the references theirin. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Subject The topic of the resource Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), recent development, amplitude information, interferometric SAR (InSAR), Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.3390/rs5020716 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Remote Sensing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available MDPI AG Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Science Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/1b231ffd21ed6d767481a1c36b97a654.pdf 6f468302ecb0db68d5cf8d5f1222b650 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Comparison of Perceived and Observed Hand Hygiene Compliance in Healthcare Workers in MERS-CoV Endemic Regions Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Modhi Alshammari, Kelly A. Reynolds, Marc Verhougstraete, Mary Kay O’Rourke Description An account of the resource This study investigated healthcare workers’ perceptions of hand hygiene practices by comparing personal reports, as assessed by questionnaires, to direct observations of the workers’ hand hygiene practices. The study employed a cross-sectional research design. Observations were made using a 16-item checklist, based on three sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO), and Boyce and Pittet’s guidelines of hand hygiene. The checklist was used for both direct-observation and self-reported data collection purposes. Pearson correlation and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) were utilized to statistically determine the relationship between healthcare workers’ reports of hand hygiene practices and observed hand hygiene behaviors. The study was conducted in the outpatient examination rooms and emergency departments of three types of hospitals in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia where Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is endemic and is observed in routine cases and outbreaks. The total sample size included 87 physicians and nurses recruited while on duty during the scheduled observation periods, with each healthcare worker being observed during individual medical examinations with at least three patients. No statistically significant correlations between the healthcare workers’ perceptions of hand hygiene practices and healthcare workers’ actual behaviors were evident. Based on the self-report questionnaires, significant differences were found between physicians’ and nurses’ hand hygiene practices reports. Healthcare workers clearly understand the importance of careful hand hygiene practices, but based on researchers’ observations, the medical personnel failed to properly implement protocol-driven hand hygiene applications. However, the significant differences between physicians’ and nurses’ self-reports suggest further inquiry is needed to fully explore these discrepancies. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Subject The topic of the resource Hand Hygiene, healthcare, Viruses Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.3390/healthcare6040122 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Healthcare Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available MDPI AG Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medicine Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/543f2ec1ee369f972bb1b73332225a03.pdf cd4a350c408c9b1b70d8b7e00e8b20ae Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory Virus Infections Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Karen Bohmwald, Nicolás M. S. Gálvez, Mariana Ríos, Alexis M. Kalergis Description An account of the resource Central Nervous System (CNS) infections are one of the most critical problems in public health, as frequently patients exhibit neurologic sequelae. Usually, CNS pathologies are caused by known neurotropic viruses such as measles virus (MV), herpes virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), among others. However, nowadays respiratory viruses have placed themselves as relevant agents responsible for CNS pathologies. Among these neuropathological viruses are the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), the influenza virus (IV), the coronavirus (CoV) and the human metapneumovirus (hMPV). These viral agents are leading causes of acute respiratory infections every year affecting mainly children under 5 years old and also the elderly. Up to date, several reports have described the association between respiratory viral infections with neurological symptoms. The most frequent clinical manifestations described in these patients are febrile or afebrile seizures, status epilepticus, encephalopathies and encephalitis. All these viruses have been found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which suggests that all these pathogens, once in the lungs, can spread throughout the body and eventually reach the CNS. The current knowledge about the mechanisms and routes used by these neuro-invasive viruses remains scarce. In this review article, we describe the most recent findings associated to neurologic complications, along with data about the possible invasion routes of these viruses in humans and their various effects on the CNS, as studied in animal models. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Subject The topic of the resource respiratory virus, CNS pathologies, HRSV, Influenza virus, HCoV, hMPV Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00386 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Frontiers Media S.A. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/01bf6352319eb588c3ec5ce362052785.pdf ac122e2c518cb88c9f195ac9f3dab55f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Estimation of basic reproduction number of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) during the outbreak in South Korea, 2015 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hyuk-Jun Chang Description An account of the resource Abstract Background In South Korea, an outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) occurred in 2015. It was the second largest MERS outbreak. As a result of the outbreak in South Korea, 186 infections were reported, and 36 patients died. At least 16,693 people were isolated with suspicious symptoms. This paper estimates the basic reproduction number of the MERS coronavirus (CoV), using data on the spread of MERS in South Korea. Methods The basic reproduction number of an epidemic is defined as the average number of secondary cases that an infected subject produces over its infectious period in a susceptible and uninfected population. To estimate the basic reproduction number of the MERS-CoV, we employ data from the 2015 South Korea MERS outbreak and the susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) model, a mathematical model that uses a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Results We fit the model to the epidemic data of the South Korea outbreak minimizing the sum of the squared errors to identify model parameters. Also we derive the basic reproductive number as the terms of the parameters of the SIR model. Then we determine the basic reproduction number of the MERS-CoV in South Korea in 2015 as 8.0977. It is worth comparing with the basic reproductive number of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa including Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia, which had values of 1.5–2.5. Conclusions There was no intervention to control the infection in the early phase of the outbreak, thus the data used here provide the best conditions to evaluate the epidemic characteristics of MERS, such as the basic reproduction number. An evaluation of basic reproduction number using epidemic data could be problematic if there are stochastic fluctuations in the early phase of the outbreak, or if the report is not accurate and there is bias in the data. Such problems are not relevant to this study because the data used here were precisely reported and verified by Korea Hospital Association. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Subject The topic of the resource Basic reproduction number, Susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) model, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1186/s12938-017-0370-7 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived BioMedical Engineering OnLine Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available BMC Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Medical technology Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/3d7d2acf05e22192a1b1a7ad0b25cffa.pdf 487c2b15007e320b0940bc1ff62e4d04 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 96 shRNAs designed for maximal coverage of HIV-1 variants Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shen Sylvie, Jaramillo Angel, Yu Yi-Hsin, Groneman Jennifer, Mcintyre Glen, Applegate Tanya Description An account of the resource Abstract Background The RNA interference (RNAi) pathway is a mechanism of gene-suppression with potential gene therapy applications for treating viral disease such as HIV-1. The most suitable inducer of RNAi for this application is short hairpin RNA (shRNA) although it is limited to suppressing a single target. A successful anti-HIV-1 therapy will require combinations of multiple highly active, highly conserved shRNAs to adequately counter the emergence of resistant strains. Results We calculated the percentage conservations of 8, 846 unique 19 nucleotide HIV-1 targets amongst 37, 949 HIV-1 gene sequence fragments containing 24.8 million 19 mers. We developed a novel method of determining conservation in 'profile' sets of 5 overlapping 19 mer sequences (covering 23 nucleotides in total) to ensure that the intended conservation of each shRNA would be unaffected by possible variations in shRNA processing. Ninety six of the top ranking targets from 22 regions were selected based on conservation profiles, predicted activities, targets and specific nucleotide inclusion/exclusion criteria. We constructed 53 shRNAs with 20 bp stems and 43 shRNAs with 21 bp stems which we tested and ranked using fluorescent reporter and HIV-1 expression assays. Average suppressive activities ranged from 71 – 75%, with 65 hairpins classed as highly active (> 75% activity). Overall we found little difference in activities from minor changes in stem length (20 cf. 21), or between neighboring targets differing by a single nucleotide in start position. However, there were several exceptions which suggest that all sequences, irrespective of similarities in target site or design, may be useful candidates. We encountered technical limitations with GFP reporter assays when the target domain was long and or when the distance between the target site and fusion junction was large. Assay performance was improved by dividing large targets into several shorter domains. Conclusion In summary, our novel selection process resulted in a large panel of highly active shRNAs spanning the HIV-1 genome, representing excellent candidates for use in multiple shRNA gene therapies. Our core selection method ensuring maximal conservation in the processed product(s) is also widely applicable to other shRNA applications. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-55 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Retrovirology Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available BMC Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Immunologic diseases. Allergy Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/f977cef1de131ae5804e8a2a430414cf.pdf d1718f40ec6f49386be23a0757b78b30 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Detection and full genome characterization of two beta CoV viruses related to Middle East respiratory syndrome from bats in Italy Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ana Moreno, Davide Lelli, Luca De Sabato, Guendalina Zaccaria, Arianna Boni, Enrica Sozzi, Alice Prosperi, Antonio Lavazza, Eleonora Cella, Maria Rita Castrucci, Massimo Ciccozzi, Gabriele Vaccari Description An account of the resource Abstract Background Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which belongs to beta group of coronavirus, can infect multiple host species and causes severe diseases in humans. Multiple surveillance and phylogenetic studies suggest a bat origin. In this study, we describe the detection and full genome characterization of two CoVs closely related to MERS-CoV from two Italian bats, Pipistrellus kuhlii and Hypsugo savii. Methods Pool of viscera were tested by a pan-coronavirus RT-PCR. Virus isolation was attempted by inoculation in different cell lines. Full genome sequencing was performed using the Ion Torrent platform and phylogenetic trees were performed using IQtree software. Similarity plots of CoV clade c genomes were generated by using SSE v1.2. The three dimensional macromolecular structure (3DMMS) of the receptor binding domain (RBD) in the S protein was predicted by sequence-homology method using the protein data bank (PDB). Results Both samples resulted positive to the pan-coronavirus RT-PCR (IT-batCoVs) and their genome organization showed identical pattern of MERS CoV. Phylogenetic analysis showed a monophyletic group placed in the Beta2c clade formed by MERS-CoV sequences originating from humans and camels and bat-related sequences from Africa, Italy and China. The comparison of the secondary and 3DMMS of the RBD of IT-batCoVs with MERS, HKU4 and HKU5 bat sequences showed two aa deletions located in a region corresponding to the external subdomain of MERS-RBD in IT-batCoV and HKU5 RBDs. Conclusions This study reported two beta CoVs closely related to MERS that were obtained from two bats belonging to two commonly recorded species in Italy (P. kuhlii and H. savii). The analysis of the RBD showed similar structure in IT-batCoVs and HKU5 respect to HKU4 sequences. Since the RBD domain of HKU4 but not HKU5 can bind to the human DPP4 receptor for MERS-CoV, it is possible to suggest also for IT-batCoVs the absence of DPP4-binding potential. More surveillance studies are needed to better investigate the potential intermediate hosts that may play a role in the interspecies transmission of known and currently unknown coronaviruses with particular attention to the S protein and the receptor specificity and binding affinity. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Subject The topic of the resource MERS-like Beta-CoV viruses, full genome sequencing, bats, Italy, Phylogenetic and molecular analyses Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0907-1 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Virology Journal Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available BMC Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Infectious and parasitic diseases Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/3012bd3733b086aabeb7fd9c4641e065.pdf 583cf5a2c1947e337c37609c928ac89b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The SARS Coronavirus S Glycoprotein Receptor Binding Domain: Fine Mapping and Functional Characterization Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Xiao-xiao Dong, Prabakaran Ponraj, Chakraborti Samitabh, Dimitrov Dimiter S Description An account of the resource Abstract The entry of the SARS coronavirus (SCV) into cells is initiated by binding of its spike envelope glycoprotein (S) to a receptor, ACE2. We and others identified the receptor-binding domain (RBD) by using S fragments of various lengths but all including the amino acid residue 318 and two other potential glycosylation sites. To further characterize the role of glycosylation and identify residues important for its function as an interacting partner of ACE2, we have cloned, expressed and characterized various soluble fragments of S containing RBD, and mutated all potential glycosylation sites and 32 other residues. The shortest of these fragments still able to bind the receptor ACE2 did not include residue 318 (which is a potential glycosylation site), but started at residue 319, and has only two potential glycosylation sites (residues 330 and 357). Mutation of each of these sites to either alanine or glutamine, as well as mutation of residue 318 to alanine in longer fragments resulted in the same decrease of molecular weight (by approximately 3 kDa) suggesting that all glycosylation sites are functional. Simultaneous mutation of all glycosylation sites resulted in lack of expression suggesting that at least one glycosylation site (any of the three) is required for expression. Glycosylation did not affect binding to ACE2. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the fragment S319–518 resulted in the identification of ten residues (K390, R426, D429, T431, I455, N473, F483, Q492, Y494, R495) that significantly reduced binding to ACE2, and one residue (D393) that appears to increase binding. Mutation of residue T431 reduced binding by about 2-fold, and mutation of the other eight residues – by more than 10-fold. Analysis of these data and the mapping of these mutations on the recently determined crystal structure of a fragment containing the RBD complexed to ACE2 (Li, F, Li, W, Farzan, M, and Harrison, S. C., submitted) suggested the existence of two hot spots on the S RBD surface, R426 and N473, which are likely to contribute significant portion of the binding energy. The finding that most of the mutations (23 out of 34 including glycosylation sites) do not affect the RBD binding function indicates possible mechanisms for evasion of immune responses. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-2-73 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Virology Journal Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available BMC Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Infectious and parasitic diseases Language A language of the resource EN