233 10 20655 https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/052eca2e60f3943edde62ef57059e3d4.pdf 26ab652df9541ff95885e62f8fa92d01 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Détruire, créer, jouer: lire la folie de Caligula chez Camus Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kinga Anna Zawada Description An account of the resource Dans la préface américaine de Caligula and three other plays, Camus désigne Vies des douze Césars comme la source première de sa pièce. Toutefois, comme cet article va le démontrer, même si Camus emprunte en effet de Suétone des épisodes et des détails concernant la vie de l’empereur,  il dote tous ces éléments d’une nouvelle signification. À la différence de Suétone, qui attribue la folie de Caligula à une maladie, Camus cherche à donner à ce comportement violent et étrange un sens qui échappe au domaine médical. Ayant beaucoup travaillé sur Nietzsche, notamment sur La naissance de la tragédie Camus marque son personnage de traits dionysiaques, en attirant surtout l’attention sur l’aspect simultané de la création et de la destruction. Dans les pages qui suivent nous allons examiner  l’importance du mythe du dieu de la folie dans le processus de perception et de réception de la folie de Caligula par le destinataire du texte camusien. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Subject The topic of the resource Calígula, Camus, folie, Sagesse, Dionysos Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.11606/issn.1984-1124.v0i10p38-46 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Revista Criação & Crítica Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Universidade de São Paulo Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Literature (General) Language A language of the resource ES, FR, PT https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/9339de43349ebcc9540742fa0ba35bed.pdf be53e78bd321f70ae9becb203bb7a686 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Prevalence of Korean cats with natural feline coronavirus infections Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lee Myoung-Heon, Park Jee-Yong, Jeong WooSeog, Jeoung Hye-Young, An Dong-Jun, Park Bong-Kyun Description An account of the resource Abstract Background Feline coronavirus is comprised of two pathogenic biotypes consisting of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), which are both divided into two serotypes. To examine the prevalence of Korean cats infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) type I and II, fecal samples were obtained from 212 cats (107 pet and 105 feral) in 2009. Results Fourteen cats were FCoV-positive, including infections with type I FCoV (n = 8), type II FCoV (n = 4), and types I and II co-infection (n = 2). Low seroprevalences (13.7%, 29/212) of FCoV were identified in chronically ill cats (19.3%, 16/83) and healthy cats (10.1%, 13/129). Conclusions Although the prevalence of FCoV infection was not high in comparison to other countries, there was a higher prevalence of type I FCoV in Korean felines. The prevalence of FCoV antigen and antibody in Korean cats are expected to gradually increase due to the rising numbers of stray and companion cats. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 Subject The topic of the resource FCoV I, FCoV II, seroprevalence Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-455 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Virology Journal Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available BMC Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Infectious and parasitic diseases Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/029fbea20d26eb93cd8c5e60bcc0fe4e.pdf 6cccd43e047146dc3ae0fad4a41ffd28 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Large-scale validation of methods for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope prediction Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lund Ole, Buus Søren, Lamberth Kasper, Lundegaard Claus, Larsen Mette V, Nielsen Morten Description An account of the resource Abstract Background Reliable predictions of Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes are essential for rational vaccine design. Most importantly, they can minimize the experimental effort needed to identify epitopes. NetCTL is a web-based tool designed for predicting human CTL epitopes in any given protein. It does so by integrating predictions of proteasomal cleavage, TAP transport efficiency, and MHC class I affinity. At least four other methods have been developed recently that likewise attempt to predict CTL epitopes: EpiJen, MAPPP, MHC-pathway, and WAPP. In order to compare the performance of prediction methods, objective benchmarks and standardized performance measures are needed. Here, we develop such large-scale benchmark and corresponding performance measures and report the performance of an updated version 1.2 of NetCTL in comparison with the four other methods. Results We define a number of performance measures that can handle the different types of output data from the five methods. We use two evaluation datasets consisting of known HIV CTL epitopes and their source proteins. The source proteins are split into all possible 9 mers and except for annotated epitopes; all other 9 mers are considered non-epitopes. In the RANK measure, we compare two methods at a time and count how often each of the methods rank the epitope highest. In another measure, we find the specificity of the methods at three predefined sensitivity values. Lastly, for each method, we calculate the percentage of known epitopes that rank within the 5% peptides with the highest predicted score. Conclusion NetCTL-1.2 is demonstrated to have a higher predictive performance than EpiJen, MAPPP, MHC-pathway, and WAPP on all performance measures. The higher performance of NetCTL-1.2 as compared to EpiJen and MHC-pathway is, however, not statistically significant on all measures. In the large-scale benchmark calculation consisting of 216 known HIV epitopes covering all 12 recognized HLA supertypes, the NetCTL-1.2 method was shown to have a sensitivity among the 5% top-scoring peptides above 0.72. On this dataset, the best of the other methods achieved a sensitivity of 0.64. The NetCTL-1.2 method is available at http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetCTL. All used datasets are available at http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/suppl/immunology/CTL-1.2.php. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-8-424 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived BMC Bioinformatics Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available BMC Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Biology (General), Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/c12dc5054f23d421669e237d7faafbc5.pdf f1faeba672fe4a4cbc542e594ed1037a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The effect of the lateral interactions on the critical behavior of long straight rigid rods on two-dimensional lattices Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource A.J. Ramirez-Pastor, D. H. Linares, P. Longone Description An account of the resource Using Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling analysis, the critical behavior of attractive rigid rods of length $k$ ($k$-mers) on square lattices at intermediate density has been studied. A nematic phase, characterized by a big domain of parallel $k$-mers, was found. This ordered phase is separated from the isotropic state by a continuous transition occurring at a intermediate density $heta_c$, which increases linearly with the magnitude of the lateral interactions. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Subject The topic of the resource phase transitions, nematics Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.4279/pip.010005 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Papers in Physics Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Papers in Physics Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Science, Physics Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/1f4aea1dbec1a3ed27f8755b28a36e28.pdf 5f171bb860e9c42978531470f4125304 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Influence of the Steam Addition on Premixed Methane Air Combustion at Atmospheric Pressure Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mao Li, Yiheng Tong, Marcus Thern, Jens Klingmann Description An account of the resource Steam-diluted combustion in gas turbine systems is an effective approach to control pollutant emissions and improve the gas turbine efficiency. The primary purpose of the present research is to analyze the influence of steam dilution on the combustion stability, flame structures, and CO emissions of a swirl-stabilized gas turbine model combustor under atmospheric pressure conditions. The premixed methane/air/steam flame was investigated with three preheating temperatures (384 K/434 K/484 K) and the equivalence ratio was varied from stoichiometric conditions to the flammability limits where the flame was physically blown out from the combustor. In order to represent the steam dilution intensity, the steam fraction Ω defined as the steam to air mass flow rate ratio was used in this work. Exhaust gases were sampled with a water-cooled emission probe which was mounted at the combustor exit. A 120 mm length quartz liner was used which enabled the flame visualization and optical measurement. Time-averaged CH chemiluminescence imaging was conducted to characterize the flame location and it was further analyzed with the inverse Abel transform method. Chemical kinetics calculation was conducted to support and analyze the experimental results. It was found that the LBO (lean blowout) limits were increased with steam fraction. CH chemiluminescence imaging showed that with a high steam fraction, the flame length was elongated, but the flame structure was not altered. CO emissions were mapped as a function of the steam fraction, inlet air temperature, and equivalence ratios. Stable combustion with low CO emission can be achieved with an appropriate steam fraction operation range. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Subject The topic of the resource steam dilution, humidified combustion, lean blowout, CO emission, Premixed Combustion Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.3390/en10071070 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Energies Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available MDPI AG Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Technology Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/71bc7e4995b2a4624f35afa95fc00047.pdf bff30d4c14ef2dfe7952fd9e605377cf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Short-term cytotoxic effects and long-term instability of RNAi delivered using lentiviral vectors Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kruithof Egbert KO, Fish Richard J Description An account of the resource Abstract Background RNA interference (RNAi) can potently reduce target gene expression in mammalian cells and is in wide use for loss-of-function studies. Several recent reports have demonstrated that short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), used to mediate RNAi, can also induce an interferon-based response resulting in changes in the expression of many interferon-responsive genes. Off-target gene silencing has also been described, bringing into question the validity of certain RNAi-based approaches for studying gene function. We have targeted the plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2 or SERPINB2) mRNA using lentiviral vectors for delivery of U6 promoter-driven PAI-2-targeted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression. PAI-2 is reported to have anti-apoptotic activity, thus reduction of endogenous expression may be expected to make cells more sensitive to programmed cell death. Results As expected, we encountered a cytotoxic phenotype when targeting the PAI-2 mRNA with vector-derived shRNA. However, this predicted phenotype was a potent non-specific effect of shRNA expression, as functional overexpression of the target protein failed to rescue the phenotype. By decreasing the shRNA length or modifying its sequence we maintained PAI-2 silencing and reduced, but did not eliminate, cytotoxicity. ShRNA of 21 complementary nucleotides (21 mers) or more increased expression of the oligoadenylate synthase-1 (OAS1) interferon-responsive gene. 19 mer shRNA had no effect on OAS1 expression but long-term selective pressure on cell growth was observed. By lowering lentiviral vector titre we were able to reduce both expression of shRNA and induction of OAS1, without a major impact on the efficacy of gene silencing. Conclusions Our data demonstrate a rapid cytotoxic effect of shRNAs expressed in human tumor cell lines. There appears to be a cut-off of 21 complementary nucleotides below which there is no interferon response while target gene silencing is maintained. Cytotoxicity or OAS1 induction could be reduced by changing shRNA sequence or vector titre, but stable gene silencing could not be maintained in extended cell culture despite persistent marker gene expression from the RNAi-inducing transgene cassette. These results underscore the necessity of careful controls for immediate and long-term RNAi use in mammalian cell systems. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-5-9 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived BMC Molecular Biology Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available BMC Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Genetics, Cytology Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/a6257e90c6c509155eefeac2421f70ac.pdf 877970b60bba324331f75bfc9a31a7c0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lessons from SARS: A retrospective study of outpatient care during an infectious disease outbreak Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource O'Brien Karel, Nasef Nehad, Wylie Lesley, Unger Sharon Description An account of the resource Abstract Background During severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Toronto, outpatient clinics at SickKids Hospital were closed to prevent further disease transmission. In response, a decision was made by the neonatal neuro-developmental follow up (NNFU) clinic staff to select patients with scheduled appointments to have a mail/telephone assessment using Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) or to postpone/skip their visit. The objective of this study was to compare the developmental assessment and its outcome in two groups of NNFU clinic patients, SARS versus non-SARS, over three standard clinic appointments. Methods We compared the diagnostic accuracy (identification of developmental delay), and patient management (referral for therapy or communication of a new diagnosis) of the strategies used during SARS, April/May 2003, to the standard assessment methods used for patients seen in April/May 2005 (non-SARS). In all cases data were obtained for 3 patient visits: before, during and after these 2 months and were compared using descriptive statistics. Results There were 95 patients in the SARS group and 99 non-SARS patients. The gestational age, sex, entry diagnosis and age at the clinic visit was not different between the groups. The NNFU clinic staff mailed ASQ to 27 families during SARS, 17 (63%) were returned, and 8 of the 17 were then contacted by telephone. Criteria used to identify infants at risk selected for either mailed ASQ or phone interviews were not clearly defined in the patients' charts. There was a significant under identification of developmental delay during SARS (18% versus 45%). Of those who responded to the mailed questionnaire, referrals for therapy rates were similar to non-SARS group. The lost to follow up rate was 24% for the SARS group compared with 7% for non-SARS. There was no difference in the overall rate of developmental delay in the two groups as identified at the 'after' visit. Conclusions Poor advanced planning led to a haphazard assessment of patients during this infectious disease outbreak. Future pandemic plans should consider planning for outpatient care as well as in hospital management of patients. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-10-51 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived BMC Pediatrics Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available BMC Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Pediatrics Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/2bc84c271f9ba2a02be36b04366aa7c2.pdf 38929c05f9560fb1fe289985366fb9c2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Evolutionary dynamics of a conserved sequence motif in the ribosomal genes of the ciliate <it>Paramecium</it> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lynch Michael, Catania Francesco Description An account of the resource Abstract Background In protozoa, the identification of preserved motifs by comparative genomics is often impeded by difficulties to generate reliable alignments for non-coding sequences. Moreover, the evolutionary dynamics of regulatory elements in 3' untranslated regions (both in protozoa and metazoa) remains a virtually unexplored issue. Results By screening Paramecium tetraurelia's 3' untranslated regions for 8-mers that were previously found to be preserved in mammalian 3' UTRs, we detect and characterize a motif that is distinctly conserved in the ribosomal genes of this ciliate. The motif appears to be conserved across Paramecium aurelia species but is absent from the ribosomal genes of four additional non-Paramecium species surveyed, including another ciliate, Tetrahymena thermophila. Motif-free ribosomal genes retain fewer paralogs in the genome and appear to be lost more rapidly relative to motif-containing genes. Features associated with the discovered preserved motif are consistent with this 8-mer playing a role in post-transcriptional regulation. Conclusions Our observations 1) shed light on the evolution of a putative regulatory motif across large phylogenetic distances; 2) are expected to facilitate the understanding of the modulation of ribosomal genes expression in Paramecium; and 3) reveal a largely unexplored--and presumably not restricted to Paramecium--association between the presence/absence of a DNA motif and the evolutionary fate of its host genes. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-129 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived BMC Evolutionary Biology Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available BMC Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Evolution Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/b1e2a3db5e36221ef7a3be66a87a4a90.pdf 39a2d4eb90b16bb6d5826e8ab3ec2af5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Modeling, analysis and simulations of MERS outbreak in Saudi Arabia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nofe Al-Asuoad, Meir Shillor Description An account of the resource This work describes a continuous differential equations model for the dynamics  of Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and provides its computer simulations. It is a continuation of our previous paper Al-Asuoad et al. (Biomath, 2016) and it extends the simulations results provided there, which were restricted to the city of Riyadh, to the whole of Saudi Arabia. In addition, it updates the results for the city of Riyadh itself. Using an optimization procedure, the system coefficients were obtained from published data, and the model allows for the prediction of possible scenarios for the transmission and  spread of the disease in the near future. This, in turn, allows for the application of possible disease control measures. The model is found to be very sensitive to the daily effective contact parameter, and the presented simulations indicate that the system is very close to the bifurcation of the stability of the Disease Free Equilibrium (DFE) and appearance of the Endemic Equilibrium (EE), which indicates that the disease will not decay substantially in the near future. Finally, we establish the stability of the DFE using only the stability number $\mathcal{R}_c$, which simplifies and improves one of the main theoretical results in our previous paper. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Subject The topic of the resource MERS model, stability of DFE and EE, simulations, sensitivity analysis Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.11145/j.biomath.2018.02.277 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Biomath Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Biomath Forum Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Biology (General), Mathematics Language A language of the resource EN https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/a3452a303185e5d700921a66629a63b8.pdf ad4fda6b3bf809bd53d7323f503bc544 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Enhanced CD8 T-cell anti-viral function and clinical disease in B7-H1-deficient mice requires CD4 T cells during encephalomyelitis Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Phares Timothy W, Stohlman Stephen A, Hinton David R, Bergmann Cornelia C Description An account of the resource Abstract Background Anti-viral CD8 T-cell activity is enhanced and prolonged by CD4 T-cell-mediated help, but negatively regulated by inhibitory B7-H1 interactions. During viral encephalomyelitis, the absence of CD4 T cells decreases CD8 T cell activity and impedes viral control in the central nervous system (CNS). By contrast, the absence of B7-H1 enhances CD8 T-cell function and accelerates viral control, but increases morbidity. However, the relative contribution of CD4 T cells to CD8 function in the CNS, in the absence of B7-H1, remains unclear. Methods Wild-type (WT) and B7-H1−/− mice were infected with a gliatropic coronavirus and CD4 T cells depleted to specifically block T helper function in the CNS. Flow cytometry and gene expression analysis of purified T-cell populations from lymph nodes and the CNS was used to directly monitor ex vivo T-cell effector function. The biological affects of altered T-cell responses were evaluated by analysis of viral control and spinal-cord pathology. Results Increased anti-viral activity by CD8 T cells in the CNS of B7-H1−/− mice was lost upon depletion of CD4 T cells; however, despite concomitant loss of viral control, the clinical disease was less severe. CD4 depletion in B7-H1−/− mice also decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by microglia and macrophages, consistent with decreased microglia/macrophage activation and reduced interferon (IFN)-γ. Enhanced production of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-21 mRNA was seen in CD4 T cells from infected B7-H1−/− compared with WT mice, suggesting that over-activated CD4 T cells primarily contribute to the increased pathology. Conclusions The local requirement of CD4 T-cell help for CD8 T-cell function is not overcome if B7-H1 inhibitory signals are lost. Moreover, the increased effector activity by CD8 T cells in the CNS of B7-H1−/− mice is attributable not only to the absence of B7-H1 upregulation on major histocompatibility complex class I-presenting resident target cells, but also to enhanced local CD4 T-cell function. B7-H1-mediated restraint of CD4 T-cell activity is thus crucial to dampen both CD8 T-cell function and microglia/macrophage activation, thereby providing protection from T-cell-mediated bystander damage. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Subject The topic of the resource central nervous system, Encephalomyelitis, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, Gliatropic coronavirus, inflammation, axonal damage Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-269 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of Neuroinflammation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available BMC Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system Language A language of the resource EN