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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                <text>Assessing Transitions to Sustainable Agricultural and Food Systems: A Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation (TAPE)</text>
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                <text>Anne Mottet, Abram Bicksler, Dario Lucantoni, Fabrizia De Rosa, Beate Scherf, Eric Scopel, Santiago López-Ridaura, Barbara Gemmil-Herren, Rachel Bezner Kerr, Jean-Michel Sourisseau, Paulo Petersen, Jean-Luc Chotte, Allison Loconto, Allison Loconto, Pablo Tittonell, Pablo Tittonell, Pablo Tittonell</text>
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                <text>There is increasing interest in agroecology as a way to move toward more sustainable agriculture and food systems. However, the evidence of agroecology's contribution to sustainability remains fragmented because of heterogeneous methods and data, differing scales and timeframes, and knowledge gaps. Facing these challenges, 70 representatives of agroecology-related organizations worldwide participated in the development of the Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation (TAPE), to produce and consolidate evidence on the multidimensional performances of agroecological systems. TAPE is composed of: Step 0, the preliminary step that includes a description of the main socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the agricultural and food systems and an analysis of the enabling environment in terms of relevant policy, market, technology, socio-cultural and/or historical drivers; Step 1, the Characterization of Agroecological Transitions (CAET), based on the 10 Elements of Agroecology adopted by FAO and its member countries, using descriptive scales to establish scores and assessing the degree of transition, with information from the farm/household and community/territory scale; Step 2, the Core Criteria of Performance listing the key dimensions considered relevant to address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Environment &amp;amp; climate change; Health &amp;amp; nutrition; Society &amp;amp; culture; Economy and Governance. Finally Step 3, a participatory validation of the results obtained from the previous steps with the producers and relevant stakeholders. TAPE can be used (i) to assess the extent of agroecological transition among agricultural producers in a community or a territory, (ii) to monitor and evaluate projects by characterizing the initial and subsequent steps in an agroecological transition, and/or (iii) to evaluate widely diverse agricultural systems against agroecological elements and how they contribute to the achievement of the SDGs. Its application can support the transition of all forms of agricultural systems toward more sustainable practices and the formulation of adequate policies to enable this transformation. Preliminary results from pilot applications show that TAPE can perform in a variety of geographic regions and agroecosystems and that it allows assessment of performances of various criteria that move beyond classic indicators to begin to build a global evidence base for agroecology and support transformation to sustainable agricultural production and food systems.</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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                <text>Farm, Indicators, Multi Criteria Evaluation, Territory, agroecolgy, sustainability assessment framework</text>
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                <text>10.3389/fsufs.2020.579154</text>
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                <text>Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems</text>
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                <text>Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Food processing and manufacture</text>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Assessing Undergraduate Students’ e-Learning Competencies: A Case Study of Higher Education Context in Indonesia</text>
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                <text>Ati  Suci Dian Martha, Kasiyah Junus, Harry  Budi Santoso, Heru Suhartanto</text>
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                <text>The COVID-19 pandemic that occurred in early 2020 around the world has implications for Indonesia’s education sector. This pandemic led to the Indonesian government policy to study from home at all academic levels using a distance learning approach. Studies on e-learning preparedness in Indonesia involving more comprehensive samples of universities during the pandemic are still limited. This study extended samples from several public and private universities in Indonesia to get a broader picture of e-learning readiness in various faculties with diverse university online learning cultures. This study used Rasch analysis to determine the validity and reliability of the instrument and differential item functioning (DIF) analysis to identify responses based on students’ demographic profiles. The results show that most students were ready to study online, but a few were not ready. Moreover, the results show significant differences in students’ e-learning readiness based on the academic year at university, the field of study, the level of organizational e-learning culture of the university, gender, and region. This work provides an insight into student readiness to study online, especially in higher education in Indonesia. The article presents the implications of online learning practices in universities and recommendations for future e-learning research.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2021</text>
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                <text>online learning, e-learning, Rasch analysis, students’ e-learning preparedness, e-learning competency</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>10.3390/educsci11040189</text>
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                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Education</text>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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                <text>Assessing Wheat Traits by Spectral Reflectance: Do We Really Need to Focus on Predicted Trait-Values or Directly Identify the Elite Genotypes Group?</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="175014">
                <text>Miguel Garriga, Sebastián Romero-Bravo, Félix Estrada, Alejandro Escobar, Iván A. Matus, Alejandro del Pozo, Cesar A. Astudillo, Gustavo A. Lobos</text>
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                <text>Phenotyping, via remote and proximal sensing techniques, of the agronomic and physiological traits associated with yield potential and drought adaptation could contribute to improvements in breeding programs. In the present study, 384 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were tested under fully irrigated (FI) and water stress (WS) conditions. The following traits were evaluated and assessed via spectral reflectance: Grain yield (GY), spikes per square meter (SM2), kernels per spike (KPS), thousand-kernel weight (TKW), chlorophyll content (SPAD), stem water soluble carbohydrate concentration and content (WSC and WSCC, respectively), carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C), and leaf area index (LAI). The performances of spectral reflectance indices (SRIs), four regression algorithms (PCR, PLSR, ridge regression RR, and SVR), and three classification methods (PCA-LDA, PLS-DA, and kNN) were evaluated for the prediction of each trait. For the classification approaches, two classes were established for each trait: The lower 80% of the trait variability range (Class 1) and the remaining 20% (Class 2 or elite genotypes). Both the SRIs and regression methods performed better when data from FI and WS were combined. The traits that were best estimated by SRIs and regression methods were GY and Δ13C. For most traits and conditions, the estimations provided by RR and SVR were the same, or better than, those provided by the SRIs. PLS-DA showed the best performance among the categorical methods and, unlike the SRI and regression models, most traits were relatively well-classified within a specific hydric condition (FI or WS), proving that classification approach is an effective tool to be explored in future studies related to genotype selection.</text>
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                <text>2017</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="175017">
                <text>carbon isotope discrimination, high-throughput phenotyping, phenomic, phenotyping, reflectance</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="175018">
                <text>10.3389/fpls.2017.00280</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="175019">
                <text>Frontiers in Plant Science</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="175020">
                <text>Frontiers Media S.A.</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Plant culture</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2017.00280/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2017.00280/full&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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                <text>Assessment and Comparison of Two Serological Approaches for the Surveillance of Health Workers Exposed to SARS-CoV-2</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="53480">
                <text>Russo A, Calò F, Di Fraia A, Starace M, Minichini C, Gentile V, Angelillo IF, Coppola N</text>
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                <text>Antonio Russo,1 Federica Cal&amp;ograve;,1 Alessandra Di Fraia,1 Mario Starace,1 Carmine Minichini,1 Valeria Gentile,1 Italo Francesco Angelillo,2 Nicola Coppola1 On behalf of the Vanvitelli-COVID-19 Group1Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania, Naples, Italy; 2Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania, Naples, ItalyCorrespondence: Nicola Coppola Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Campania, via: L. Armanni 5, Naples 80131, ItalyTel +39 0815666719Fax +39 0815666013Email nicola.coppola@unicampania.itBackground and Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the diagnostic performance of an LFA compared with an ELISA test in a cohort of HWs operating in a COVID-19 unit of a teaching hospital in southern Italy.Methods: We performed an observational, prospective, interventional study including 65 COVID-19 unit personnel. On a total of 196 serum samples (at least 2 serum samples for each HW), LFA and ELISA tests for SARS-COV-2 IgG and IgM were performed. Also, 32 serum samples of SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive patients at least 21 days before sampling, and 30 serum samples of patients obtained up to November 2019, before COVID-19 outbreak in China, were used as positive and negative controls, respectively.Findings: Of the 65 HWs enrolled, 6 were positive in LFA; overall, of the 196 serum samples, 20 were positive in LFA. All ELISA tests performed on serum samples collected from HWs were negative. The specificity of LFAs was 90.77% considering the 65 HWs and 89.80% considering all the 196 health workers serum samples analyzed. Considering the data on HWs, ELISA test for SARS-COV-2 antibodies showed a specificity of 100%, including all the 196 serum samples collected, and 100% including the 65 HWs. The ELISA and LFAs performed after 21 days last COVID-19 patient was discharged were all negative.Conclusion: LFAs compared to ELISA tests result in less specificity, considering COVID-19 negative personnel and patients. Thus, LFAs seem to be not adequate in the active surveillance of HWs.Keywords: health workers, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, anti-IgG SAR-COV-2, active surveillance</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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                <text>covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, Health workers, Active surveillance, anti-igg sar-cov-2</text>
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                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases</text>
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                <text>Tamia Cabascango, Karol Ortiz, Christian Sandoval Pauker, Isabel Espinoza Pavón, Anuradha Ramoji, Jürgen Popp, Jady Pérez, C.  Miguel Pinto, José  Luis Rivera-Parra, Florinella Muñoz-Bisesti, María  Belén Aldás, Cristiano  V. M. Araújo, Paul Vargas Jentzsch</text>
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                <text>Water bodies and aquatic ecosystems are threatened by discharges of industrial waters. Ecotoxicological effects of components occurring in untreated and treated wastewaters are often not considered. The use of a linear, multi-compartmented, non-forced, static system constructed with PET bottles is proposed for the quality assessment of treated waters, to deal with such limitations. Two synthetic waters, one simulating wastewater from the textile industry and the other one simulating wastewater from the cassava starch industry, were prepared and treated by homogeneous Fenton process and heterogeneous photocatalysis, respectively. Untreated and treated synthetic waters and their dilutions were placed into compartments of the non-forced exposure system, in which zebrafish (Danio rerio), the indicator organism, could select the environment of its preference. Basic physical–chemical and chemical parameters of untreated and treated synthetic waters were measured. The preference and avoidance responses allowed verification of whether or not the quality of the water was improved due to the treatment. The results of these assays can be a complement to conventional parameters of water quality.</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Danio rerio&lt;/i&gt;, Fenton, advanced oxidation processes, ecotoxicological assays, graphitic carbon nitride, heterogeneous photocatalysis</text>
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                <text>MDPI AG</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/9/5/734" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/9/5/734&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Assessment of algorithms for inferring positional weight matrix motifs of transcription factor binding sites using protein binding microarray data.</text>
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                <text>Yaron Orenstein, Chaim Linhart, Ron Shamir</text>
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                <text>The new technology of protein binding microarrays (PBMs) allows simultaneous measurement of the binding intensities of a transcription factor to tens of thousands of synthetic double-stranded DNA probes, covering all possible 10-mers. A key computational challenge is inferring the binding motif from these data. We present a systematic comparison of four methods developed specifically for reconstructing a binding site motif represented as a positional weight matrix from PBM data. The reconstructed motifs were evaluated in terms of three criteria: concordance with reference motifs from the literature and ability to predict in vivo and in vitro bindings. The evaluation encompassed over 200 transcription factors and some 300 assays. The results show a tradeoff between how the methods perform according to the different criteria, and a dichotomy of method types. Algorithms that construct motifs with low information content predict PBM probe ranking more faithfully, while methods that produce highly informative motifs match reference motifs better. Interestingly, in predicting high-affinity binding, all methods give far poorer results for in vivo assays compared to in vitro assays.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046145</text>
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                <text>PLoS ONE</text>
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                <text>Assessment of Cognitive Changes in Ecological Concepts, in Mexican Junior High School Students</text>
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                <text>Sergio Rodolfo Torres Ochoa</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This study was made from a random sample of  students of secondary school (basic education), in urban an rural  schools of the public sector of the state of Michoacán, Mexico.  Significant cognitive changes of basic concepts of Ecology, during the  whole academic year were assessed in each one of the three grades which  conform this level of education. For such purpose, a group of six  fundamental and four complementary concepts was used with which a core  concept diagram was elaborated. From this diagram, a 23 task  questionnaire was designed and applied as conceptual assessment  instrument. The general results show that there are no significant  differences, statistically speaking, between the beginning and the end  of the academic year, regarding the principal Ecology concepts and other  related concepts that were assessed as well. This study included an  interpretative phase based in conceptual maps, which results are not  included in this article.</text>
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                <text>2008</text>
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                <text>conceptos científicos, ecología, enseñanza de las ciencias, formación de conceptos, procesos cognitivos</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="185443">
                <text>Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa</text>
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                <text>Universidad Autonoma de Baja California</text>
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                <text>Education</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://redie.uabc.mx/redie/article/view/213" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://redie.uabc.mx/redie/article/view/213&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Kusum Sharma, Amrit Banstola, Amrit Banstola, Rishi Ram Parajuli</text>
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                <text>The Government of Nepal issued a nationwide lockdown from 24 March to 21 July 2020, prohibiting domestic and international travels, closure of the border and non-essential services. There were only two confirmed cases from 610 Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) tests and no fatalities when the government introduced nationwide lockdown. This study aimed to explore the overall scenario of COVID-19 including spatial distribution of cases; government efforts, and impact on public health, socio-economy, and education during the lockdown in Nepal. We collated and analyzed data using official figures from the Nepalese Ministry of Health and Population. Nepal had performed 7,791 RT-PCR tests for COVID-19, the highest number of tests during the lockdown. It has recorded its highest daily rise in coronavirus infections with a total of 740 new cases from the total of 4,483 RT-PCR tests performed on a single day. Nepal had reported a total of 17,994 positive cases and 40 deaths at the end of lockdown. The spatial distribution clearly shows that the cases were rapidly spreading from the southern part of the country where most points of entry and exit from India are located. To contain the spread of the virus, the government has also initiated various preventive measures and strategies during the lockdown. The Government of Nepal needs to allocate more resources, increase its capacity to test and trace, establish dedicated isolation and quarantine facility and impose local restrictions such as a local lockdown based on risk assessment rather than a nationwide lockdown.</text>
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                <text>coronavirus, Public health, covid-19, lockdown, Nepal, spatial distribution analysis</text>
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                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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                <text>Public aspects of medicine</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="60112">
                <text>Assessment of depression, anxiety and stress levels in the Ecuadorian general population during social isolation due to the COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional study</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="60113">
                <text>Hans Mautong, Jorge Andrés Gallardo-Rumbea, Geovanny Efraín Alvarado-Villa, Juan Carlos Fernández-Cadena, Derly Andrade-Molina, Carlos Enrique Orellana-Román, Iván Cherrez-Ojeda</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="60114">
                <text>Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic with serious consequences that have led to the implementation of unprecedented social isolation measures. At the early stages of the pandemic, Ecuador was one of the most affected countries in Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the levels of depression, anxiety and stress in the Ecuadorian general population during the social isolation period due to COVID-19. Methods A web-based survey consisting of 31 short-answer and multiple-choice questions was administered to the general population from April 22–May 3, 2020. Mental health status was assessed through the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21) questionnaire. Ordinal logistic analyses were used to identify potential risk factors associated with the severity of mental health issues. Results A total of 626 individuals were included. Most of them were females (60.5%), and their mean age was 29.6 ± 11.7 years. Approximately 17.7% of the respondents had moderate to very severe levels of depression, 30.7% had similar levels of anxiety, and 14.2% experienced stress. Female sex, younger age, student status, and having a relative diagnosed with COVID-19 were associated with significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress. Ordinal regression models showed that being a student was a risk factor for having more severe levels of depression (OR = 3.67; 95% CI = 2.56–5.26, p: 0.0001), anxiety (OR= 1.86; 95% CI= 1.35–2.55, p: 0.0001), and stress (OR = 2.17; 95% CI= 1.47–3.19, p: 0.0001). Having a relative with COVID-19 was also found to be a risk factor only for depression (OR= 1.70; 95% CI= 1.03–2.80, p: 0.036) and anxiety (OR = 2.17; 95% CI= 1.35–3.47, p: 0.001). Additionally, male sex,  older age, and having more children were found to be protective factors for the three conditions. Conclusions Our findings suggest that social isolation due to the COVID-19 outbreak has impacted the mental health of the general population in Ecuador. We identified potential risk and protective factors that could serve as a foundation from which to develop psychological strategies to safeguard the mental health of our population during the current pandemic.</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="60115">
                <text>2021</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="60116">
                <text>coronavirus, Anxiety, covid-19, Stress, Depression, Social isolation</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="60117">
                <text>10.1186/s12888-021-03214-1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="60118">
                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="60119">
                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="60120">
                <text>Psychiatry</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="6020" public="1" featured="0">
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      <file fileId="6020">
        <src>https://www.socictopen.socict.org/files/original/4e10e643c1a046c6bd8c8fdf6c3a5b74.pdf</src>
        <authentication>2baa8a11bd216ab1932705ea6fb41bf6</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="1">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1">
                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="2">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="53645">
                <text>Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="53646">
                <text>Mohammad  Mahmudul Hassan, Md.  Abul Kalam, Shahanaj Shano, Md.  Raihan Khan Nayem, Md.  Kaisar Rahman, Shahneaz  Ali Khan, Ariful Islam</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="53647">
                <text>The COVID-19 pandemic has manifested more than a health crisis and has severely impacted on social, economic, and development crises in the world. The relationship of COVID-19 with countries’ economic and other demographic statuses is an important criterion with which to assess the impact of this current outbreak. Based on available data from the online platform, we tested the hypotheses of a country’s economic status, population density, the median age of the population, and urbanization pattern influence on the test, attack, case fatality, and recovery rates of COVID-19. We performed correlation and multivariate multinomial regression analysis with relative risk ratio (RRR) to test the hypotheses. The correlation analysis showed that population density and test rate had a significantly negative association (r = −0.2384, p = 0.00). In contrast, the median age had a significant positive correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.4654, p = 0.00) and case fatality rate (r = 0.2847, p = 0.00). The urban population rate had a positive significant correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.1610, p = 0.04). Lower-middle-income countries had a negative significant correlation with case fatality rate (r= −0.3310, p = 0.04). The multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that low-income countries are more likely to have an increased risk of case fatality rate (RRR = 0.986, 95% Confidence Interval; CI = 0.97−1.00, p &lt; 0.05) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.967, 95% CI = 0.95–0.98, p = 0.00). The lower-income countries are more likely to have a higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.981, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.971, 95% CI = 0.96–0.98, p = 0.00). Similarly, upper middle-income countries are more likely to have higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.988, 95% CI = 0.98–1.0, p = 0.01) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.978, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00). The low- and lower-middle-income countries should invest more in health care services and implement adequate COVID-19 preventive measures to reduce the risk burden. We recommend a participatory, whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach for responding to the socio-economic challenges of COVID-19 and ensuring more resilient and robust health systems to safeguard against preventable deaths and poverty by improving public health outcomes.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="53648">
                <text>2020</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="53649">
                <text>covid-19, population density, social and economic status, Epidemiological determinants</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="53650">
                <text>10.3390/jrfm13090194</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="53651">
                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="53652">
                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="53653">
                <text>Finance, Risk in industry. Risk management</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
