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                <text>Zulaikha M. Al Hammadi, Daniel K.W. Chu, Yassir M. Eltahir, Farida Al Hosani, Mariam Al Mulla, Wasim Tarnini, Aron J. Hall, Ranawaka A.P.M. Perera, Mohamed M. Abdelkhalek, J.S.M. Peiris, Salama S. Al Muhairi, Leo L.M. Poon</text>
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                <text>In May 2015 in United Arab Emirates, asymptomatic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection was identified through active case finding in 2 men with exposure to infected dromedaries. Epidemiologic and virologic findings suggested zoonotic transmission. Genetic sequences for viruses from the men and camels were similar to those for viruses recently detected in other countries.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid2112.151132</text>
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                <text>Yeong Jun Song, Jeong-Sun Yang, Hee Jung Yoon, Hae-Sung Nam, Soon Young Lee, Hae Kwan Cheong, Woo Jung Park, Sung-Han Park, Bo Youl Choi, Sung Soon Kim, Moran Ki</text>
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                <text>OBJECTIVES The rates of asymptomatic infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus vary. A serologic study was conducted to determine the asymptomatic MERS infection rate in healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers by exposure status. METHODS Study participants were selected from contacts of MERS patients based on a priority system in 4 regions strongly affected by the 2015 MERS outbreak. A sero-epidemiological survey was performed in 1,610 contacts (average duration from exposure to test, 4.8 months), and the collected sera were tested using an enzyme-linked immunespecific assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and plaque reduction neutralization antibody test (PRNT). Among the 1,610 contacts, there were 7 ELISA-positive cases, of which 1 exhibited positive IFA and PRNT results. RESULTS The asymptomatic infection rate was 0.060% (95% confidence interval, 0.002 to 0.346). The asymptomatic MERS case was a patient who had been hospitalized with patient zero on the same floor of the hospital at the same time. The case was quarantined at home for 2 weeks after discharge, and had underlying diseases, including hypertension, angina, and degenerative arthritis. CONCLUSIONS The asymptomatic infection was acquired via healthcare-associated transmission. Thus, it is necessary to extend serologic studies to include inpatient contacts who have no symptoms.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2018014</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2020.4.20</text>
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                <text>Annelies Wilder-Smith, Arul Earnest, Yee S. Leo, Monica D. Teleman, Bee H. Heng, Ai E. Ling</text>
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                <text>We conducted a study among healthcare workers (HCWs) exposed to patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) before infection control measures were instituted. Of all exposed HCWs, 7.5% had asymptomatic SARS-positive cases. Asymptomatic SARS was associated with lower SARS antibody titers and higher use of masks when compared to pneumonic SARS.</text>
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                <text>2005</text>
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                <text>Singapore, Keywords: asymptomatic SARS Coronavirus infection, SARS seroconversion, SARS epidemiology</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1107.041165</text>
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                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
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                <text>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</text>
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                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Asymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–associated Coronavirus Infection</text>
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                <text>Harold K.K. Lee, Eugene Y.K. Tso, T. N. Chau, Owen T.Y. Tsang, W. Choi, Thomas S.T. Lai</text>
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                <text>2003</text>
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                <text>Asymptomatic, coronavirus, Hong Kong, SARS, SARS-CoV, Seroconversion</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid0911.030401</text>
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                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
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                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Asymptomatic Shedding of Respiratory Virus among an Ambulatory Population across Seasons</text>
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                <text>Ruthie Birger, Haruka Morita, Devon Comito, Ioan FILIP, Marta Galanti, Benjamin Lane, Chanel Ligon, Daniel Rosenbloom, Atinuke Shittu, Minhaz Ud-Dean, Rob DeSalle, Paul Planet, Jeffrey Shaman</text>
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                <text>Respiratory viruses are common in human populations, causing significant levels of morbidity. Understanding the distribution of these viruses is critical for designing control methods. However, most data available are from medical records and thus predominantly represent symptomatic infections. Estimates for asymptomatic prevalence are sparse and span a broad range. In this study, we aimed to measure more precisely the proportion of infections that are asymptomatic in a general, ambulatory adult population. We recruited participants from a New York City tourist attraction and administered nasal swabs, testing them for adenovirus, coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza virus. At recruitment, participants completed surveys on demographics and symptomology. Analysis of these data indicated that over 6% of participants tested positive for shedding of respiratory virus. While participants who tested positive were more likely to report symptoms than those who did not, over half of participants who tested positive were asymptomatic.Most observation of human respiratory virus carriage is derived from medical surveillance; however, the infections documented by this surveillance represent only a symptomatic fraction of the total infected population. As the role of asymptomatic infection in respiratory virus transmission is still largely unknown and rates of asymptomatic shedding are not well constrained, it is important to obtain more-precise estimates through alternative sampling methods. We actively recruited participants from among visitors to a New York City tourist attraction. Nasopharyngeal swabs, demographics, and survey information on symptoms, medical history, and recent travel were obtained from 2,685 adults over two seasonal arms. We used multiplex PCR to test swab specimens for a selection of common respiratory viruses. A total of 6.2% of samples (168 individuals) tested positive for at least one virus, with 5.6% testing positive in the summer arm and 7.0% testing positive in the winter arm. Of these, 85 (50.6%) were positive for human rhinovirus (HRV), 65 (38.7%) for coronavirus (CoV), and 18 (10.2%) for other viruses (including adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, influenza virus, and parainfluenza virus). Depending on the definition of symptomatic infection, 65% to 97% of infections were classified as asymptomatic. The best-fit model for prediction of positivity across all viruses included a symptom severity score, Hispanic ethnicity data, and age category, though there were slight differences across the seasonal arms. Though having symptoms is predictive of virus positivity, there are high levels of asymptomatic respiratory virus shedding among the members of an ambulatory population in New York City.</text>
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                <text>2018</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Asymptomatic infection, population health, Respiratory viruses</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7984">
                <text>DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00249-18</text>
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                <text>mSphere</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7986">
                <text>American Society for Microbiology</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Microbiology</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>EN</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>At “half mask” or “nose commando:” A note demonstrating nasal breaths can spread microorganisms when improperly wearing a mask during COVID-19</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Robert J. Wolff</text>
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                <text>Many individuals are wearing face masks improperly at ‘half mask’ and potentially breathing out microbes that can contaminate the air as well as anything below the nose. This note provides the first report that bacteria and fungi breathed out during nasal air exhalation are able to be cultured after landing on blood agar plates. The CFU’s are higher after both 10 breaths and extremely significant for 20 breaths compared to the control plates exposed to the air. Implications of this finding are that going ‘nose commando’ may be able to continue the spread of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19. Minute bioaerosols carrying bacteria may be designated as microsnot.</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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                <text>covid-19, facemask, PPE, bioaerosols, Hygiene behavior, Nasal Breath, microsnot</text>
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                <text>10.4081/mm.2020.9375</text>
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                <text>Epidemiology and Health</text>
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                <text>Korean Society of Epidemiology</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Microbiology</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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                <text>At the heart of COVID-19.</text>
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                <text>Felix Clemens Richter</text>
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                <text>10.1038/s41577-020-00468-w</text>
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                <text>Nature reviews. Immunology</text>
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