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                <text>Situacao dos municipios do estado de Sao Paulo com relacao a compra direta de produtos da agricultura familiar para o Programa Nacional de Alimentacao Escolar (PNAE)</text>
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                <text>Betzabeth Slater Villar, Flavia Schwartzman, Bruna Lourenço Januario, Jamile Fernandes Ramos</text>
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                <text>INTRODUCAO: 					 Em 2009, foi aprovada a Lei 11.947, a qual dispõe sobre o atendimento da alimentação escolar e consolida a vinculação da agricultura familiar com o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), ao estipular que no mínimo 30% do total dos recursos financeiros repassados pelo Governo Federal aos estados e municípios deverão ser utilizados na aquisição de gêneros alimentícios diretamente da agricultura familiar. 				 				 					 OBJETIVO: 					 Caracterizar a situação dos municípios do estado de São Paulo com relação à compra de produtos diretamente da agricultura familiar após a aprovação da Lei 11.947.  				 				 					METODO: 					 O diagnostico foi realizado nos meses de junho a agosto de 2011 por instituições vinculadas à Comissão Estadual Intersetorial da Alimentação Escolar (CEIA). Para o levantamento foi utilizado questionário e realizada entrevista telefônica com os representantes dos 645 municípios.  				 				 					RESULTADOS: 					 Em um total de 613 municípios foi possível obter as seguintes informações: 47% (288) já haviam realizado as compras locais pelo menos uma vez, em todas as suas etapas. Dos 325 municípios que não efetivaram o processo em todas as fases, 57% não haviam publicado a chamada pública; 37% publicaram, mas não assinaram o contrato de aquisição; 2% publicaram, assinaram o contrato, mas não haviam recebido os produtos; e 4% publicaram, receberam os produtos mas ainda não haviam pago os agricultores.  				 				 					CONCLUSÃO: 					 Os resultados obtidos revelam que aproximadamente 50% dos municípios avaliados estão em situação positiva com relação às compras locais para o PNAE. Entretanto, o número de municípios que não publicou a chamada ou que não assinou o contrato é ainda importante, merecendo atenção dos setores envolvidos.</text>
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                <text>Agricultura Familiar, Alimentação escolar, Chamada pública, Desenvolvimento Local, PNAE, política pública</text>
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                <text>Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia</text>
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                <text>Associação Brasileira de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva</text>
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                <text>Situação dos municípios do estado de São Paulo com relação à compra direta de produtos da agricultura familiar para o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) Situation of the municipalities of São Paulo state in relation to the purchase of products directly from family farms for the National School Feeding Program (PNAE)</text>
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                <text>Betzabeth Slater Villar, Flavia Schwartzman, Bruna Lourenço Januario, Jamile Fernandes Ramos</text>
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                <text>INTRODUCAO:  Em 2009, foi aprovada a Lei 11.947, a qual disp&amp;#245;e sobre o atendimento da alimenta&amp;#231;&amp;#227;o escolar e consolida a vincula&amp;#231;&amp;#227;o da agricultura familiar com o Programa Nacional de Alimenta&amp;#231;&amp;#227;o Escolar (PNAE), ao estipular que no m&amp;#237;nimo 30% do total dos recursos financeiros repassados pelo Governo Federal aos estados e munic&amp;#237;pios dever&amp;#227;o ser utilizados na aquisi&amp;#231;&amp;#227;o de g&amp;#234;neros aliment&amp;#237;cios diretamente da agricultura familiar.    OBJETIVO:  Caracterizar a situa&amp;#231;&amp;#227;o dos munic&amp;#237;pios do estado de S&amp;#227;o Paulo com rela&amp;#231;&amp;#227;o &amp;#224; compra de produtos diretamente da agricultura familiar ap&amp;#243;s a aprova&amp;#231;&amp;#227;o da Lei 11.947.   METODO:  O diagnostico foi realizado nos meses de junho a agosto de 2011 por institui&amp;#231;&amp;#245;es vinculadas &amp;#224; Comiss&amp;#227;o Estadual Intersetorial da Alimenta&amp;#231;&amp;#227;o Escolar (CEIA). Para o levantamento foi utilizado question&amp;#225;rio e realizada entrevista telef&amp;#244;nica com os representantes dos 645 munic&amp;#237;pios.   RESULTADOS:  Em um total de 613 munic&amp;#237;pios foi poss&amp;#237;vel obter as seguintes informa&amp;#231;&amp;#245;es: 47% (288) j&amp;#225; haviam realizado as compras locais pelo menos uma vez, em todas as suas etapas. Dos 325 munic&amp;#237;pios que n&amp;#227;o efetivaram o processo em todas as fases, 57% n&amp;#227;o haviam publicado a chamada p&amp;#250;blica; 37% publicaram, mas n&amp;#227;o assinaram o contrato de aquisi&amp;#231;&amp;#227;o; 2% publicaram, assinaram o contrato, mas n&amp;#227;o haviam recebido os produtos; e 4% publicaram, receberam os produtos mas ainda n&amp;#227;o haviam pago os agricultores.   CONCLUS&amp;#195;O:  Os resultados obtidos revelam que aproximadamente 50% dos munic&amp;#237;pios avaliados est&amp;#227;o em situa&amp;#231;&amp;#227;o positiva com rela&amp;#231;&amp;#227;o &amp;#224;s compras locais para o PNAE. Entretanto, o n&amp;#250;mero de munic&amp;#237;pios que n&amp;#227;o publicou a chamada ou que n&amp;#227;o assinou o contrato &amp;#233; ainda importante, merecendo aten&amp;#231;&amp;#227;o dos setores envolvidos. INTRODUCTION:  In 2009, Law 11,947 was passed, which provides for the care of school meals and consolidates the linkage of family farming with the National School Feeding Program (PNAE), by stipulating that at least 30% of the total financial resources granted by the Federal Government to the states and municipalities should be used for the acquisition of food directly from family farmers and rural entrepreneurs family or their organizations.   OBJECTIVE:  To characterize the situation of the municipalities of S&amp;#227;o Paulo state in relation to the acquisition of products directly from family farmers after approval of Law 11,947.   METHOD:  The diagnosis was carried out in the months of June to August 2011 by institutions linked to the Intersectoral School Feeding State Commission (CEIA). For the survey, a questionnaire was used and telephone interviews were conducted with representatives of the 645 municipal districts.   RESULTS:  It was possible to obtain the following information for a total of 613 municipalities: 47% (288) had already made local purchases at least once in all its stages. Of the 325 municipalities that do not conducted the process at all stages, 57% had not published a public call; 37% published but had not signed the purchase contract; 2% published a call, signed the contract but had not received the products; and 4% published at least one call, received the products but had not yet paid the farmers.   CONCLUSION:  The results show that approximately 50% of the municipalities evaluated are in a positive situation in relation to the local procurement for PNAE. However, the number of municipalities that did not publish the public call or not signed the contract is still important and deserves attention of the sectors involved.</text>
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                <text>Agricultura Familiar, Alimentação escolar, Chamada pública, Desenvolvimento Local, Family farming, PNAE, Public Policy, Public call, School Feeding, local development, política pública</text>
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                <text>Associação Brasileira de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva</text>
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                <text>Antecedentes e elementos da vinculação do programa de alimentação escolar do Brasil com a agricultura familiar</text>
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                <text>Betzabeth Slater Villar, Flavia Schwartzman, Claudia Andrea Rodriguez Mora, Claudia Maria Bogus</text>
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                <text>Resumo: Desde 2009, legislação do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar do Brasil (PNAE) institucionaliza a sua vinculação com a agricultura familiar ao estabelecer a obrigatoriedade de que, pelo menos, 30% do total dos recursos financeiros repassados pelo governo federal aos estados e municípios para a alimentação escolar devem ser utilizados na compra de produtos diretamente desse setor. Este estudo analisa o processo de construção desta legislação mediante contextualização histórica, focando nos elementos relacionados à compra da agricultura familiar e, também, apresenta uma representação gráfica com os principais elementos da vinculação: objetivos, público-alvo, ações implementadas e resultados esperados. Foram entrevistados atores envolvidos na construção da legislação. As análises evidenciam que a compra da agricultura familiar pelo PNAE é uma iniciativa de amplo alcance, do ponto de vista conceitual, de execução e de resultados. Também se evidenciou que, para o seu êxito, é fundamental uma ampla articulação entre os atores e órgãos dos vários setores envolvidos, assim como múltiplas estratégias implementadas pelas distintas esferas de governo. Dessa maneira, setores da educação, agricultura, planejamento, compras e sociedade civil devem articular-se em nível nacional, estadual e local. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que iniciativas como essas, de compras institucionais da agricultura familiar, que estão sendo implantadas atualmente em vários países, configuram-se como importante estratégia de segurança alimentar e nutricional, de cumprimento do direito humano à alimentação adequada e de promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável a longo prazo.</text>
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                <text>2017</text>
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                <text>Agricultura, Alimentación Escolar, Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional, desarrollo local</text>
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                <text>10.1590/0102-311x00099816</text>
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                <text>Cadernos de Saúde Pública</text>
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                <text>Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz</text>
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                <text>Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</text>
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                <text>The goal of syndromic surveillance is the earlier detection of epidemics, allowing a timelier public health response than is possible using traditional surveillance methods. Syndromic surveillance application for public health purposes has changed over time and reflects a dynamic evolution from the collection, interpretation of data with dissemination of data to those who need to act, to a more holistic approach that incorporates response as a core component of the surveillance system. Recent infectious disease threats, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), avian influenza (H5N1) and pandemic influenza (H1N1), have all highlighted the need for countries to be rapidly aware of the spread of infectious diseases within a region and across the globe. The International Health Regulations (IHR) obligation to report public health emergencies of international concern has raised the importance of early outbreak detection and response. The emphasis in syndromic surveillance is changing from automated, early alert and detection, to situational awareness and response. Published literature on syndromic surveillance reflects the changing nature of public health threats and responses. Syndromic surveillance has demonstrated a remarkable ability to adapt to rapidly shifting public health needs. This adaptability makes it a highly relevant public health tool.</text>
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                <text>The rapid escalation of the number of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) cases has forced countries around the world to implement systems for the widest possible testing of their populations. The World Health Organization (WHO) has in fact urged all countries to carry out as many tests as they can. Clinical laboratories have had to respond urgently to numerous and rising demands for diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2. The majority of laboratories have had to implement the RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase − Polymerase Chain Reaction) test method without the benefit of adequate experimental feedback. It is hoped that this article will make a useful contribution in the form of a methodology for the risk analysis of SARS-CoV-2 testing by RT-PCR and at the same time result reliability analysis of diagnostic tests, via an approach based on a combination of Fishbone Diagram and FMECA (Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis) methods. The risk analysis is based on lessons learned from the actual experience of a real laboratory, which enabled the authors to pinpoint the principal risks that impact the reliability of RT-PCR test results. The probability of obtaining erroneous results (false positives or negatives) is implicit in the criticality assessment obtained via FMECA. In other words, the higher the criticality, the higher the risk of obtaining an erroneous result. These risks must therefore be controlled as a priority. The principal risks are studied for the following process stages: nucleic acid extraction, preparation of the mix and validation of results. For the extraction of nucleic acids, highly critical risks (exceeding the threshold set from experimentation) are the risk of error when depositing samples on the extraction plate and sample non-conformity. For the preparation of the mix the highest risks are a non-homogenous mix and, predominantly, errors when depositing samples on the amplification plate. For the validation of results, criticality can reach the maximum severity rating: here, the risks that require particular attention concern the interpretation of raw test data, poor IQC (Internal Quality Control) management and the manual entry of results and/or file numbers. Recommendations are therefore made with regard to human factor influences, internal contamination within the laboratory, management of reagents, other consumables and critical equipment, and the effect of sample quality. This article demonstrates the necessity to monitor, both internally and externally, the performance of the test process within a clinical laboratory in terms of quality and reliability.</text>
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                <text>Technology</text>
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                <text>Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) virus made its first appearance in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It has since spread like a wild fire across the globe with over five million corona virus disease (COVID-19) confirmed cases and almost three hundred fifty thousand deaths at the time of writing this article. This could however be only the tip of the iceberg considering the contagious nature of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the rate at which it is spreading across the globe. China did well to contain the virus with strict lockdown measures, sealing the affected areas, active case finding, tracing, tracking and treating the COVID-19 cases at an astonishing speed. In the absence of specific treatment available as yet, treatment consists of mainly symptomatic management with some experimental medications. Antivirals, specifically Remdesivir has been a strong candidate for the treatment of COVID-19. However, it has yet to receive universal acceptance for the treatment of COVID-19. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine seem to be effective in limiting the replication of SARS-CoV-2 virus in vitro. COVID-19 is highly pandemic in countries where malaria is least prevalent and least pandemic in countries where malaria is highly prevalent. These findings suggest the hypothesis that anti-malarial drugs have efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19.</text>
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