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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>Animal models for the risk assessment of viral pandemic potential</text>
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                <text>Jin-Il Kim, Man-Seong Park, Joon-Yong Bae, Mee Sook Park</text>
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                <text>Abstract Pandemics affect human lives severely and globally. Experience predicts that there will be a pandemic for sure although the time is unknown. When a viral epidemic breaks out, assessing its pandemic risk is an important part of the process that characterizes genomic property, viral pathogenicity, transmission in animal model, and so forth. In this review, we intend to figure out how a pandemic may occur by looking into the past influenza pandemic events. We discuss interpretations of the experimental evidences resulted from animal model studies and extend implications of viral pandemic potentials and ingredients to emerging viral epidemics. Focusing on the pandemic potential of viral infectious diseases, we suggest what should be assessed to prevent global catastrophes from influenza virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, dengue and Zika viruses.</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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                <text>zoonosis, virus, Transmission, pathogenicity, Animal model, Pandemic</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00040-6</text>
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                <text>Laboratory Animal Research</text>
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                <text>BMC</text>
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                <text>Biology (General), Medicine (General)</text>
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                <text>Animal Models of COVID-19 II. Comparative Immunology.</text>
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                <text>Caroline J Zeiss, Rebecca T Veenhuis</text>
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                <text>Developing strong animal models is essential for furthering our understanding of how the immune system functions in response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The alarming speed at which SARS-CoV-2 has spread, and the high mortality rate of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), has required both basic science and clinical research to move at an unprecedented pace. Models previously developed to study the immune response against SARS-CoV have been rapidly deployed to now study SARS-CoV-2. To date, both small and large animal models are remarkably consistent when infected with SARS-CoV-2; however, certain models have proven more useful when answering specific immunological questions than others. Small animal models, such as Syrian hamsters, ferrets, and mice carrying the hACE2 transgene, appear to reliably recapitulate the initial cytokine surge seen in COVID-19 as well as show significant innate and adaptive cell infiltration in to the lung early in infection. Additionally, these models develop strong antibody responses to the virus, are protected from reinfection, and genetically modified versions exist that can be used to ask specific immunological questions. Large animal models such as rhesus and cynomologus macaques and African green monkeys are critical to understanding how the immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection because they are considered to be the most similar to humans. These models are considered the gold standard for assessing vaccine efficacy and protection, and recapitulate the initial cytokine surge, immune cell infiltration into the lung, certain aspects of thrombosis, and the antibody and T-cell response to the virus. In this review, we discuss both small and large animal model studies previously used in SARS-CoV-2 research that may be useful in elucidating the immunological contributions to hallmark syndromes observed with COVID-19.</text>
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                <text>2021</text>
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                <text>Animal Models, covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, Immunology</text>
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                <text>10.1093/ilar/ilab010</text>
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                <text>ILAR journal</text>
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                <text>Delgado-Callisaya Pedro Ángel1, Centellas Nelson, Villavicencio Willy</text>
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                <text>Ciencia Animal o Zootecnia es la ciencia que trata de la producción, transformación y comercio eficiente de animales de interés humano, en el cual se toma en cuenta criterios éticos, de sostenibilidad y equidad.La ciencia animal tiene diversas denominaciones a nivel internacional, las cuales reflejan la estructura curricular y el énfasis en la formación profesional en cada país o grupo de países como: Zootecnia en Latinoamérica (Centroamérica. Brasil, Colombia, Argentina, Perú y Bolivia). Animal Science (Ciencia animal) en Norteamérica (Estados Unidos y Canadá), Australia, Asia y Reino Unido.La producción animal está basada en cuatro pilares fundamentales: la nutrición y alimentación animal, la genética y mejoramiento animal, la infraestructura adecuada y la salud animal (Buxadé 1995a). La transformación de productos y subproductos de origen animal es hasta la fecha una necesidad vital, pues sin estos insumos ningún conglomerado humano hubiera podido subsistir, porque nos proveen alimentos de alto valor biológico y nutritivo, otros dan productos para el abrigo, para el trabajo e incluso para el esparcimiento.El comercio eficiente de animales de interés humano siempre tuvo, tiene y tendrá una finalidad utilitaria, En todos los casos, su explotación mueve capitales y suministra innumerables fuente de trabajo al hombre.Las ciencias animales consideran las leyes de herencia, ecología y alimentación, influencia del medio ambiente, procesos de multiplicación, la utilización de la fisiología de la nutrición  y alimentación en función de una mejor y más económica producción (Besse 1986, Buxadé 1995a.). Además del mejor criterio de utilización de los productos y subproductos utilizando la más adecuada tecnología de procesamiento de alimentos obtenidos de los animales para obtener el precio más adecuado en el mercado.Asimismo, Sean cuales fueren las técnicas de la producción animal, existen una serie de factores que condicionan la obtención de cualquier producto animal, y que constituyen las bases a tener en cuenta en todo proceso productivo. Estos son:a) Factor animal o factor materia prima viva: Se estudia desde varios aspectos (Aparicio  1960):    ·        Genética y mejora genética.    ·        Estudios etnológicos    ·        Etologíab) Factor técnica de producción o factor hombre (Buxadé 1995b)    ·        Racionalización de los apareamientos.    ·        Obtención de crías y productos    ·        Demandas del mercado    ·        Producción en cantidad y calidad de acuerdo con la demanda y economía.c) Factor de medio ecológico o ambiente (Callejo, 1995)    ·        Alojamientos, iluminación, calor, frío, radiaciones, lluvia, pastos, nutrimentos (alimentación racional, sistemas de pastoreo), prevención de enfermedades y patología zootécnica o de las colectividades (epidemiologia animal).d) Factor económico: con la conjunción de los tres factores anteriormente reseñados obtenemos el producto de origen animal (leche, carne, huevos, pieles, lana, miel, estiércol, tracción animal, velocidad, entretenimiento, medicamentos, alimentos balanceados, etc.), si bien, todo producto en el contexto de la producción animal tiene un condicionante económico.La creciente sociedad y el mercado competitivo exigen volúmenes de productos y subproductos de origen animal cada vez más altos, esta tendencia obliga a los profesionales de las ciencias animales a readecuar y modernizar la estructura de las explotaciones, Actualizar las técnicas de producción para obtener una producción más competitiva.Por lo que los productos de origen animal, obtenidos competitivamente deben ser: más seguros, tener mejor relación coste/calidad, más calidad objetiva y subjetiva y para esto se debe considerar mejores técnicas de producción y transformación, mejor cualificación de la mano de obra, mayor integración de los procesos (vía interprofesional), buscar el favor del consumidor y exceder sus expectativas.Entonces, la Zootecnia se encamina hacia la obtención de animales más productivos y/o a criarlos en las mejores condiciones de rentabilidad e higiene, atendiendo incluso a su mejor comercialización.</text>
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                <text>Journal of the Selva Andina Animal Science</text>
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                <text>Selva Andina Research Society</text>
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                <text>Zhao-Rong Lun, Lianghu Qu</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1005.040022</text>
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                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
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                <text>Afectado por el proteccionismo decimonónico y por la reivindicación del bienestar de los animales en tanto sujetos de derecho que emerge en los años 1970 y se asienta por derecho propio en el siglo XXI, este artículo estudia la medida en que la ética animal y el ecologismo contemporáneos se ven reflejados en las diversas formas literarias de representación animal que pueblan la historia de la literatura, desde el Medioevo a la contemporaneidad, en bestiarios, canciones, hagiografías, gestas, espectáculos teatrales, fábulas, coloquios, relatos y poemas: el animal como tópico, motivo, símbolo o metáfora, el animal parlante, el animal-máquina, el animal-decorado, el sintiente, sujeto de compasión, el sujeto de derecho, el volitivo, el moral. Pasajes del cancionero, Poema de Fernán González, Gonzalo de Berceo, Cervantes, Góngora, Benito Jerónimo Feijoo, Francisco González Díaz, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Miguel Delibes, Jesús López Pacheco, Dionisio Cañas, Niall Binns, Serafín Portillo, Fernando Aramburu, José Manuel Marrero Henríquez y Aurelio González Ovies servirán, entre otros, para reflexionar sobre el animal al habla que se agazapa tras las variadas formas literarias de representación animal.</text>
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                <text>Cahiers d’histoire.</text>
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                <text>From the time of knowledge of the outbreak appearance in mid-December 2019 due to the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)  in  the  city  of  Wuhan,  China,  epidemiologic  and  clinical  studies  have  been  developing  to  best define the symptomatology of the disease from coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). However, within some significant reports, we have been informed that one of the initial symptoms of this disease can also be alterations in smell and taste (30 and 60% in the Korean and German series, respectively).</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="192442">
                <text>Anotaciones de la ecología alimentaria de monos aulladores negros en un fragmento con condiciones de hacinamiento (Balancán, Tabasco, México)</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="192443">
                <text>John Aristizábal-Borja, Gilberto Pozo-Montuy, Jairo Pérez-Torres, Juan Carlos Serio-Silva</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="192444">
                <text>Annotations on the feeding ecology of black howler monkeys in an overcrowded fragment in Balancán, Tabasco, México. Wedescribed the feeding behavior of Central-American black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) in a fragment of less than one hectare ofhumid evergreen forest surrounded by grassland for livestock use, isolated trees and mango orchards, in the region of Balancán (Tabasco,México). Objective: To record the diet and activity of black howler monkeys in crowded conditions during the wettest month in Balancán(Tabasco, México). Methods and methods: The behavioral observations (81 h) were made using the focal animal methodology withan A. pigra troop made up of three individuals (1 adult male, 1 adult female and 1 infant). Results: Feeding time represented 15.97%,rest 78% and locomotion 4.57% of total time. In the study area we recorded 14 plant species, with 10 being consumed by howlermonkeys. 55% of feeding time was devoted to the consumption of fruits, 27% to leaves, 17% to stems, and 1% to sprouts. Spondiasmombin was the tree species most consumed, with 61% of the time invested on it. Conclusion: Like other studies, we confirmed thefrugivore-folivore feeding tendency of the genus Alouatta. We provide information on the black howler monkey flexibility to live andmaintain themselves in extreme perturbation conditions, where their habitat is 0.1 ha with few tree species to use, forcing individualsto move around the ground.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="192445">
                <text>2011</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="192446">
                <text>Alouatta pigra, Fragmented habitat, Frugivory, diet, pattern of activity</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="192447">
                <text>Universitas Scientiarum</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="192448">
                <text>Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="192449">
                <text>Science (General)</text>
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          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="192450">
                <text>&lt;a href="http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/scientarium/article/view/1645/1075" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/scientarium/article/view/1645/1075&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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