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                <text>Mattia Trunfio, Elena Salvador, Daniela Cabodi, Letizia Marinaro, Chiara Alcantarini, Alberto Gaviraghi, Alice Trentalange, Filippo Lipani, Savino Sciascia, Dario Roccatello, Stefano Bonora, Giovanni Di Perri, Andrea Calcagno</text>
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                <text>Wei-Qing Chen, Ciyong Lu, Tze-wai Wong, Wen-Hua Ling, Zhong-Ning Lin, Yuantao Hao, Qing Liu, Ji-Qian Fang, Yun He, Futian Luo, Jin Jing, Li Ling, Xiang Ma, Yimin Liu, Guihua Chen, Jian Huang, Yuan-Sen Jiang, Wen-Qi Jiang, Hequn Zou, Guang-Mei Yan</text>
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                <text>To determine the prevalence of inapparent infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) among healthcare workers, we performed a serosurvey to test for immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies to the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) among 1,147 healthcare workers in 3 hospitals that admitted SARS patients in mid-May 2003. Among them were 90 healthcare workers with SARS. As a reference group, 709 healthcare workers who worked in 2 hospitals that never admitted any SARS patients were similarly tested. The seroprevalence rate was 88.9% (80/90) for healthcare workers with SARS and 1.4% (15/1,057) for healthcare workers who were apparently healthy. The seroprevalence in the reference group was 0.4% (3/709). These findings suggest that inapparent infection is uncommon. Low level of immunity among unaffected healthcare workers reinforces the need for adequate personal protection and other infection control measures in hospitals to prevent future epidemics.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid1101.040138</text>
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                <text>Antibodies against MERS Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels, Kenya, 1992–2013</text>
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                <text>Victor M. Corman, Joerg Jores, Benjamin Meyer, Mario Younan, Anne M. Liljander, Mohammed Y. Said, Ilona Gluecks, Erik Lattwein, Berend-Jan Bosch, Jan Felix Drexler, Set Bornstein, Christian Drosten, Marcel A. Müller</text>
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                <text>Dromedary camels are a putative source for human infections with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. We showed that camels sampled in different regions in Kenya during 1992–2013 have antibodies against this virus. High densities of camel populations correlated with increased seropositivity and might be a factor in predicting long-term virus maintenance.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid2008.140596</text>
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                <text>Antibodies against MERS Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels, United Arab Emirates, 2003 and 2013</text>
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                <text>Chantal B. E. M. Reusken, Gert-Jan Godeke, Marion P. G. Koopmans, Christian Drosten, Janko van Beek, Marcel A. Müller, Erik Lattwein, Ulrich Wernery, Renate Wernery, Benjamin Meyer, Berend-Jan Bosch, Victor M. Corman, Jan F. Drexler, Doreen Muth, Daniel Ritz, Stephan Kallies, Artem Siemens</text>
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                <text>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has caused an ongoing outbreak of severe acute respiratory tract infection in humans in the Arabian Peninsula since 2012. Dromedary camels have been implicated as possible viral reservoirs. We used serologic assays to analyze 651 dromedary camel serum samples from the United Arab Emirates; 151 of 651 samples were obtained in 2003, well before onset of the current epidemic, and 500 serum samples were obtained in 2013. Recombinant spike protein–specific immunofluorescence and virus neutralization tests enabled clear discrimination between MERS-CoV and bovine CoV infections. Most (632/651, 97.1%) camels had antibodies against MERS-CoV. This result included all 151 serum samples obtained in 2003. Most (389/651, 59.8%) serum samples had MERS-CoV–neutralizing antibody titers &gt;1,280. Dromedary camels from the United Arab Emirates were infected at high rates with MERS-CoV or a closely related, probably conspecific, virus long before the first human MERS cases.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid2004.131746</text>
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                <text>Infectious and parasitic diseases, Medicine</text>
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                <text>Antibodies to SARS-Coronavirus in Civets</text>
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                <text>Yan-wei Sun, Xianzhu Xia, Meng Yu, Shengwang Liu, Hua Xiang, Jinding Chen, Gary Crameri, Lin-Fa Wang, Xiangang Kong, Changchun Tu, Yunwen Hu, Bryan T. Eaton, Hua Xuan, Yedong Yu</text>
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                <text>Using three different assays, we examined 103 serum samples collected from different civet farms and a market in China in June 2003 and January 2004. While civets on farms were largely free from SARS-CoV infection, ≈80% of the animals from one animal market in Guangzhou contained significant levels of antibody to SARS-CoV, which suggests no widespread infection among civets resident on farms, and the infection of civets in the market might be associated with trading activities under the conditions of overcrowding and mixing of various animal species.</text>
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                <text>Human coronavirus (HCoV) is one of the most common causes of respiratory tract infections throughout the world. Two phenomena observed so far in the development of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic deserve further attention. First, the relative absence of clinical signs of infections in children, second, the early appearance of IgG in certain patients. From the point of view of immune system physiology, such an early rise of specific IgG is expected in secondary immune responses when memory to a cross-reactive antigen is present, usually from an earlier infection with a coronavirus. It is actually typical for the immune system to respond, to what it already knows, a phenomenon that has been observed in many infections with closely related viruses and has been termed “original antigenic sin.” The question then arises whether such cross-reactive antibodies are protective or not against the new virus. The worst scenario would be when such cross-reactive memory antibodies to related coronaviruses would not only be non-protective but even enhance infection and the clinical course. Such a phenomenon of antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) has already been described in several viral infections. Thus, the development of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 in the course of COVID-19 might not be a simple sign of viral clearance and developing protection against the virus. On the contrary, due to cross-reaction to related coronavirus strains from earlier infections, in certain patients IgG might enhance clinical progression due to ADE. The patient's viral history of coronavirus infection might be crucial to the development of the current infection with SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, it poses a note of caution when treating COVID-19 patients with convalescent sera.</text>
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                <text>Frontiers in Immunology</text>
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                <text>Frontiers Media S.A.</text>
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                <text>Introduction: The SARS-COV-2 is a non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the genus Beta Coronavirus. The envelope-anchored trimeric spike protein on the virus surface is considered to be the key protein for the viral entry into the host cells. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is reported to be the effective human receptor for SARS-COV-2.  ACE2 receptor can be prevented by neutralizing antibodies such as m396 targeting the virus receptor-binding site.  Material and Methods: Considering the importance of computational docking, and in silico affinity maturation we aimed at finding the important amino acids of the m396 antibody. These amino acids were then replaced by other amino acids to improve antibody-binding affinity to receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-COV-2 spike protein. Finally, we measured the binding affinity of antibody variants to the antigen.  Result: Our findings disclosed that several variant mutations could successfully improve the characteristics of the antibody binding compared to the normal antibodies.  Conclusion: the antibodies developed may be possible candidates for stronger affinity binding to antigens.</text>
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                <text>10.22037/rrr.v5i.32838</text>
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                <text>Regeneration, Reconstruction &amp; Restoration</text>
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                <text>Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Abeer N. Alshukairi, Imran Khalid, Waleed A. Ahmed, Ashraf M. Dada, Daniyah T. Bayumi, Laut S. Malic, Sahar Al Thawadi, Kim Ignacio, Hanadi S. Alsalmi, Hail M. Al-Abdely, Ghassan Y. Wali, Ismael A. Qushmaq, Basem M. Alraddadi, Stanley Perlman</text>
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                <text>We studied antibody response in 9 healthcare workers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, who survived Middle East respiratory syndrome, by using serial ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assay testing. Among patients who had experienced severe pneumonia, antibody was detected for &gt;18 months after infection. Antibody longevity was more variable in patients who had experienced milder disease.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3201/eid2206.160010</text>
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                <text>Emerging Infectious Diseases</text>
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                <text>Risa Indriani, Darminto</text>
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                <text>Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute highly contagious viral respiratory disease of poultry caused by Coronavirus. IBV infection consists of many serotypes and can only be controlled by vaccination. An effective IB vaccine should be prepared from local isolates, due to the antigenic variation among serotypes. The aims of this research were to develop inactivated IB vaccine derived from IBV local isolate and to determine the efficacy of that vaccine in layer flocks. Five layer chicken groups were used in this experiments, group I was vaccinated with commercial IBV live vaccine thrice, group II was vaccinated with commercial IBV live vaccine once and repeated with inactivated local IBV isolate twice, group III was vaccinated with commercial IBV live vaccine once and repeated with commercial inactivated twice, group IV was vaccinated with IBV live vaccine once, and group V was not vaccinated. After the chickens reached at a stable egg production they were challenged with IBV local isolates. Antibody responses were examined by means of haemagglutination hibitition (HI) test and HI titres were expressed as log2 of the reciprocal of the highest dilution of serum causing inhibition of a log2 HA titre of 2. The mean titres of antibody responses of chicken in group I, II, III, IV, and V was 4.9 ± 0.87, 6.8 ± 0.97, 7.7 ± 0.46, 2.9 ± 0.94, and 2.0 ± 1.67 respectively. The levels of protection against challenges were determined by viral isolation, this in group I, II, III, IV, and V was 63, 73, 60, 50, and 0% respectively. Clinical symptom of egg quality was slightly reduced in group I, IV, and V and it were unchanged in group II and III. Group II gave better in number of egg  production than the other groups. The results indicated that the IBV inactivated localisolate vaccine gave high titres of  antibody and higher protection rates than that of commercial IBV inactivated vaccine. Inaddition, IBV local isolate vaccinated group prevented from declining egg production after challenged with IBV local isolate.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27172">
                <text>2001</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27173">
                <text>vaccine, Infectious Bronchitis, Layer, antibody titre, challenge virus</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27174">
                <text>DOI: </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27175">
                <text>Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27176">
                <text>Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="27177">
                <text>Agriculture, Animal culture</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
